s 

f\6 



Issued October 27, 1911. 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU OF STATISTICS^BULLETIN 89. 

VICTOR H. OLMSTED, Chief of Bureau. 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



IN THE 



PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



BY 



FRANK ANDREWS, 



STATISTICAL SCIENTIST AND ASSISTANT CHIEF OP DIVISION OF 
TRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTTNG OFFICL". 

1911. 



^ 



-a, 




Glass ^ 

Book- 






Issued October 27, 1911. 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU OF STATISTICS— BULLETIN 89. 

VICTOR H. OLMSTED, Chief of Bureau. 



io l^- 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



IN THE 



PACIFIC COAST REGION. J^ 



BY 



FRANK ANDREWS, 



STATISTICAL SCIENTIST AND ASSISTANT CHIEF OF DIVISION OP 
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1911. 



6(H(v-^^ 




v^ 



""SO 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



United States Department of Agricultuee, 

Bureau of Statistics, 
Washington, D. C, May 19, 1911. 
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewitli a report on the market- 
ing of grain and Hve stock in the Pacific coast region, prepared by 
Frank Andrews, statistical scientist and assistant chief of the division 
of production and distribution. Much of the information was 
secured through personal inquiry at numerous places in California, 
Oregon, and Washington, and through correspondence. 

The chief object of this inquiry was to collect data relating to 
changes in the costs and methods of marketing during the past 40 
years, and to show changes in trade movements within that time. 
The results of this investigation are not given in any other report 
made by this department or any other Government department. 

It is respectfully recommended that this report be published as 
Bulletin 89 of this bureau. 
Very respectfully, 

Nat C. Murray, 
Acting Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture, 



CONTENTS, 



Introduction 11 

Domestic trade 11 

Grain surplus 11 

Table 1. — Quantity of wheat, oats, and corn marketed in California, 
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and in the entire 

United States, 1896-1909 12 

Stores of wheat at three California centers 13 

Table 2. — Mean stocks of wheat at Stockton, Port Costa, and San 

Francisco on the first day of the month, 1891-1909 13 

Northern wheat for California mills 13 

Table 3. — Receipts of wheat, barley, and wheat flour at San Fran- 
cisco from all sources and receipts from Oregon and Wash- 
ington by sea, 1888-1909 14 

Coastwise shipments from Portland and Tacoma 14 

Table 4. — Shipments of wheat and barley from Portland and Tacoma 

to other United States ports, 1906-1910 15 

River traffic 15 

Table 5. — Tonnage of all freight and of grain and live stock carried on 
selected inland waterways of the Pacific coast region, 

1900-1908 15 

Table 6. — Tonnage of grain and of all freight carried on inland water- 
ways of the United States, 1906 10 

Chief river ports 16 

Table 7. — Shipments on inland waterways of grain and of all freight 

from selected ports of the Pacific coast, 1906 17 

The Panama route 17 

Table 8. — Value of all merchandise and of farm products carried be- 
tween New York and San Francisco via the Isthmus of 

Panama, 1871-1892 17 

Table 9. — Shipments of domestic and foreign merchandise between 
New York and San Francisco via the Isthmus of Panama, 

1871-1909 18 

Tehuantepec and Cape Horn 18 

Alaska 19 

Table 10. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house prod- 
ucts, grain, and grain products from other parts of the 

United States to Alaska, 1903-1910 19 

Table 11. — Semiannual shipments of live stock from Seattle and other 
United States ports to Alaska, from July, 1907, to De- 
cember, 1910, inclusive 20 

Hawaii 20 

Table 12. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house prod- 
ucts, grain, and grain products from other parts of the 

United States to Hawaii, 1900, 1903-1910 21 

5 



6 CONTENTS. 

Domestic trade — Continued. Page. 

Live stock at Portland 22 

Table 13. — Monthly receipts of live stock at Union Stockyards, Port- 
land, during the year ending September 30, 1910, by 

routes 23 

Table 14. — Monthly shipments of live stock from Union Stockyards, 
Portland, during the year ending September 30, 1910, 

by routes 25 

Foreign trade 27 

Classes of exports 27 

Table 15. — Value of gold and silver and of domestic merchandise 
exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and 

Hawaii, 1856-1910 27 

Table 16. — Value of domestic grain and grain products, packing-house 
products, and live meat animals exported through 
Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910. 28 

The beginning of a wheat surplus 28 

Table 17. — Exports of domestic wheat, wheat flour, and barley 

through Pacific ports, including Alaska, 1856-1870 29 

General trend of exports of wheat and barley 29 

Table 18. — Exports of domestic wheat and barley from the United 
States and through Pacific ports, including Alaska and 

Hawaii, 1871-1910 30 

Leading articles and ports compared 30 

Table 19. — Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all 
domestic merchandise exported through Pacific ports, 
including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910, by customs 

districts 30 

Table 20. — Quantity of domestic wheat, wheat flour, barley, and malt 
exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and 

Hawaii, 1871-1910 34 

British imports 36 

Table 21. ^Imports of barley, wheat, and wheat flour into the United 
Kingdom from Pacific coast ports of the United States, 
compared with imports from other United States ports 

and from all sources, 1876-1908 37 

Seasonal movement in foreign trade 37 

Table 22. — Average monthly exports of domestic barley, wheat, and 
wheat flour through the Pacific (including Alaska and 
Hawaii) and other ports of the United States, 1901-1909 . 38 

Monthly marketings and exports 38 

Table 23. — Monthly marketings of wheat in Oregon, Washington, 
Idaho, and California, and monthly exports of domestic 
wheat through Pacific ports, including Alaska and 
Hawaii, during the years ending June 30, 1908-1910. . . 39 
Table 24. — Average monthly imports of wheat into the United King- 
dom from the Pacific coast of the United States and 

from all sources, 1901-1907 40 

Indirect imports 40 

Table 25. — Value of merchandise imported into Pacific coast ports, 

1905-1909, showing amount through "exterior" ports. . 40 



OONTENTS. 7 

Foreign trade — Continued. Page. 

Decline of exports in sail vessels 41 

Tj\.ble 26.— Percentage of value of domestic merchandise exported in 
sail and in steam vessels from Pacific (including Alaska 
and Hawaii) and '. other ports of the United States, 

1886-1909 41i 

Prices.' - - - ■ 42- 

Review of 40 years. 42_ 

TABiE 27.— Average farm prices on December 1 for wheat and barley 
in the Pacific coast region and in the entire United 

States, 1870-1910... . :-. 42i 

Table 28. --Average export values of wheat and barley shipjxed 
through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, and 
through all United States p.orts, during the years ending 

JuneSO, 1871-1910 43 

Farm prices in different sections 44 

Table 29. — Average farm prices of wheat in regions of large production 
in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the 
first day of each month, from July, 1908, to December, 

1910 45 

Table 30. — Average farm prices of wheat in regions of small produc- 
tion in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on 
the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to Decem- 
ber, 1910 46 

Table 31. — Average farm prices of barley in regions of large produc- 
tion in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on 
the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to Decem- 
ber, 1910 47 

Table 32.— Average farm prices of barley in regions of small produc- 
tion in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on 
the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to Decem- 
ber, 1910 48 

Averages for two years 49 

Table 33. — Average farm prices of wheat and barley in Oregon, Wash- 
ington, Idaho, and California for the years ending June, 

1909 and 1910, by regions 50 

Difference in price between farm and England 50 

Gross profit and cost of marketing 50 

Comparisons with exchange prices and export values 51 

Table 34. — Comparison of average prices of wheat on farms in Ore- 
gon, Washington, and Idaho with exchange spot prices at Port- 
land and average export values at Portland and Puget Sound, 

for seasons of heavy marketings, 1908-1910 52 

Selected cargoes 53 

Table 35. — Prices paid in England for 10 selected cargoes of wheat 
shipped from Portland, compared with spot prices at Portland, 

crop of 1909 - 53 

Conditions in California 53 

Table 36. — Comparison of average prices of wheat on farms in Cali- 
fornia with exchange spot prices of No. 1 White wheat at San Fran- 
cisco, for seasons of heavy marketings, 1908 and 1909 54 



8 CONTENTS. 

Prices — Continued. Page. 

Portland and San Francisco 54 

Table 37. — Monthly spot prices of northern Club, Bluestem, and Red 

Russian wheat at San Francisco and Portland, 1908-1910 55 

Prices in England 56 

Table 38. — Average yearly prices of wheat in California, Oregon, 
Washington, and Idaho, and average import values in the United 

Kingdom, 1891-1908 57 

Prices of live stock 57 

Table 39. — Prices of live stock at San Francisco on one day each 

month, from January, 1909, to December, 1910 58 

Table 40. — Prices of live stock at Union Stockyards, Portland, one 

day each month from September, 1909, to December, 1910 58 

Freight rates 59 

Average railroad rates 59 

Table 41. — Railroad freight rates on grain and live stock over selected 

routes in Pacific coast States, June, 1910 60 

Table 42. — Average number of live stock per car as received at Port- 
land for three months 61 

Table 43. — Average weight per head of cattle, hogs, lambs, and sheep 
sold at Union Stockyards, Portland, during year ending September, 

1910 61 

Ton-mile averages for selected railroads 61 

Table 44. — Average freight receipts per ton per mile and average 
length of haul for grain carried in carload lots on five selected rail- 
roads in Pacific coast States for the year ending June 30, 1909 62 

Table 45. — Average freight rates per ton per mile, for different dis- 
tances, for grain carried on three railroads to Portland, from points 

in Oregon and Washington, 1910 62 

Electric railroads 62 

Table 46. — Freight rates for grain and live stock carried in carload 
lots on electric railroads in Pacific coast States, over selected routes, 

May, 1910 63 

Charges by river 63 

Table 47. — Freight rates on wheat and barley carried on inland water- 
ways in the Pacific coast region, 1910 64 

Live stock for Alaska 64 

Table 48.— Freight rates on live stock carried by coastwise steamers 

from Tacoma or Seattle to Alaska, June, 1910 65 

Grain for Asia, Mexico, and Alaska 65 

Table 49. — Ocean freight rates on flour and grain from Pacific coast 
ports of the United States over coastwise and trans-Pacific routes 

for the year ending June 30, 1910 66 

United Kingdom 66 

Table 50. — Ocean freight rates on wheat from San Francisco to the 

United Kingdom, for orders, 1873-1910 67 

Lower rates to England than to Chicago 68 

Table 51. — Freight rates on wheat from four points in the grain- 
producing regions of the Pacific coast to England and to Chicago for 

the first half of 1910 68 

Rates from various countries 68 

Table 52. — Mean monthly quotations of ocean freight rates on wheat 
from Argentina, India, Australia, and Russia to the United King- 
dom for the year ending June 30, 1910 69 



CONTENTS. 9 

Freight rates — Continued. Page. 

Ton-mile rates of various carriers 69 

Table 53. — Average freight charge on Pacific coast wheat per ton per 

mile, over selected routes, in 1910 70 

Charges for nine selected cargoes 70 

Table 54. — Duration of voyage, capacity of vessel, size of load, and 
freight earned for selected cargoes of grain carried from United States 

Pacific coast ports to Europe, season of 1909-10 70 

Transport facilities 71 

Routes between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts 71 

Time of transit 72 

Table 55.— Approximate usual time of freight transit between New 

York and San Francisco, over various routes, 1910 72 

Railroad mileage 72 

Table 56. — Mileage of railroads in California, Oregon, Washington, 

Idaho, and the entire United States, 1888-1909 73 

Some conditions of railroad service 73 

Table 57. — Tonnage carried, receipts per ton-mile, and average length 
of haul of freight on railroads west of the Rocky Mountains and in the 

entire United States, 1890-1909 74 

Harbors 75 

San Diego and Los Angeles 75 

San Francisco Bay 75 

Eureka 76 

Portland 76 

Puget Sound 76 

Depth of channels 77 

Table 58. — Depth of channel and distance from open sea for 

selected ports on the Pacific coast of the United States 78 

California rivers 78 

Inland waterways in Oregon and Washington 79 

Carrying capacity of vessels 80 

Table 59. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared in foreign trade 
from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget 

Sound, 189.5-1910 81 

Table 60. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared from and for 
voyages between Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, via 

Cape Horn, 1886-1910 82 

Table 61. — Average number of sail and steam vessels cleared in for- 
eign trade from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, 

and Puget Sound, 1871-1910 83 

Table 62. — Average size of sail and steam vessels cleared in foreign 
trade from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and 

Puget Sound, 1871-1910 83 

Costs of marketing 84 

Table 63. — Approximate cost for marketing wheat and barley from coun- 
try shipping points in the Pacific coast region to England, for the year 

ending June, 1910 84 

Methods of marketing 85 

Grain 85 

The export trade 85 

Units of weight 86 

Cooperative marketing by farmers 87 

Commercial papers 87 

Handling grain in sacks 90 

Attempta to use elevators 91 



10 aONTENTS. 

Methods of marketjtig^^Cbirtiiiued . Page/. 

Live stock ._. 91 

Cattle and sheep .duiearly days 91 

Sales on farm or range. 92 

Stockyards > 93 

Trailing : 94 

Loading cattle on shipboard - v . » 94 1 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page. 



Fig. 1. Average farm prices of wheat, in cents per bushel, in California, Oregon, 

Washington, and Idaho, for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910 49 

2. Average farm prices of barley, in cents per bushel, in California, Oregon, 

Washington, and Idaho, for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910 51 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK IN THE 
PACIFIC COAST REGION. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The wheat grown west of the Rocky Mountains enters into a trade 
distinct from that of the rest of the United States. The farmer of 
Oregon, Wasliington, or Idaho looks to Liverpool and other European 
ports, not to Cliicago or Minneapolis, for liis market. Prices in Eng- 
land, and not in the large grain centers east of the Rocky Mountains, 
interest him. His product is carried, it is true, some 18,000 miles 
before it reaches the English miller, but tliis route is cheaper than 
the 2,000-mile haul across the mountains to milling centers of the 
Mississippi Valley. Local mills grind considerable quantities and 
offer an alternative market to the farmer, but the surplus for export 
is regularly carried by sea to Europe. Hence the production and 
marketing of grain on the Pacific coast constitute a distinct chapter 
in the economic history of the United States, The live-stock indus- 
try of that region also is to a large degree separated from the industry 
east of the Rocky Mountains. The separation, however, is not so 
marked in the case of live stock as of grain, for hogs from as far east 
as Nebraska are killed in the packing houses of the Pacific coast, 
while cattle and sheep from the interior of Oregon are driven to 
Baker City, Oregon, and other sliipping points of the same State, 
thence to be sliipped, some east and some west. 

In discussing the wheat and live-stock industry of the Pacific coast 
region Idaho should be included, since the western and parts of the 
southern portion of that State are in the same river valleys, and 
hence in the same agricultural region, as the eastern parts of Wash- 
ington and Oregon. 

DOMESTIC TRADE. 
GRAIN SURPLUS. 

The grain surplus of the Pacific coast region is, roughly, the quan- 
tity shipped out of the county where grown. Of the four States 
wliich constitute tliis region, Wasliington leads in the shipments of 
wheat out of county where grown, CaUfornia is second, Oregon tliird, 
and Idaho fourth. Shipments from producing counties in Cali- 
fornia, unhke corresponding movements in the three more northern 
States, are largely, if not altogether, intended for milling within the 
State. 

11 



12 



MARKETING GEAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



The oats and corn marketed in the four States, as shown in Table 
1, are relatively unimportant when compared with wheat. No simi- 
lar data are available for barley marketings. 



Table 1. 



-Quantity of wheat, oats, and corn marketed in California, Oregon, Washington, 
and Idaho and in the entire United States, 1896-1909. « 



Year of harvest. 



1896 

1897 

1S98 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

Average: 

1896-1900... 
1901-1905... 
1906-1909... 



California 




20.,'?30,176 
15,254,662 
10,194,294 



295.125,269 
367,543,353 
406,427,956 



0.\TS. 



1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

Average: 
1896-1900 
1901-1905 
1906-1909 



401.978 

257,279 

194, 330 

184, 379 

265, 999 

977,469 

1,904.976 

1,611,950 

1,709,269 

1,275,788 

1,495,326 

1,959.000 

3, 350, 000 

2, 700, 000 



260, 793 
1,495,890 
2,376,082 



1,156,296 
2,187,195 
1,684,209 
1,637,971 
722,209 
2,870,814 
2,346,711 
3, 693, 857 
2,018,270 
1,562,250 
3,175,098 
3.906,000 
3,808,000 
4,681,000 



1,477,576 
2, 498, 380 
3. 892, 524 



1,448,531 
1,376,110 
1,340,701 
1,121,827 
1,206,490 
2,110.183 
1,423,015 
2,583,383 
2,814.735 
3,043,990 
2,985,414 
4, 745, 000 
2, 763, 000 
4, 256, 000 



1,298,732 
2,395,061 
3,687,354 



468, 780 
460, 537 



384, 989 
■391,4.55 
1,115,300 
1,262,734 
1,3.56,768 
1,640,779 
1,120,411 
1,. 580, 423 
2.739,000 
2, 906, 000 
3,894,000 



341.152 

1,299.198 
2.779,856 



3, 475, 585 
4,281,121 
3,219,240 
3,329,166 
2, 586, 153 
7,073,766 
6.9.37.436 
9,245,958 
8,183,053 
7,002,439 
9,236,261 
13,349,000 
12,827,000 
15,5.31,000 



3, 378, 253 
7,688,529 
12,735,816 



1.82 
2.10 
1.66 
1.49 
1.06 
4.93 
2.68 
4.13 
3.12 
2.53 
3.47 
6. .33 
5.25 
4.71 



1.60 
3.30 

4.85 



190,642,860 
204,147,306 
193, 527, 426 
223,014,086 
242.850,477 
143.398.317 
258, 438, 248 
223,959,467 
261,989,446 
277,132,976 
266,182,194 
210,923,000 
244,444.000 
329. 696, 000 



210,536,431 
232,983,691 
262,811,298 



CORN. 



1896 


396, 463 
382, 536 
142,085 
76, S49 
94, 638 
37,016 
220, 698 
3i9,889 
280, i28 
199,204 
259,326 
275,000 
2i0,000 
522,000 


11,906 

13,258 

9,832 

17, 845 

6,343 

3,476 

15,954 

8,971 

4,957 

4,038 

4,991 

4,000 

13,000 

16, 000 


7,636 
2,332 




416,005 
398, 126 
151,917 

94, 694 
100.981 

42.210 
259,684 
331,150 
293, 067 
216,305 
272, 969 
291,000 
270, 000 
561,000 


0.07 
.10 
.04 
.03 
.02 
.03 
.05 
.08 
.05 
.03 
.04 
.06 
.05 
.09 


623,255,914 


1897 




411. 617, 337 


1898 




396,005,302 


1899 






348, 097, 934 


1900 






478, 417, 202 


1901 


1,718 
23, 032 

2,290 

4,849 
13,063 

8,652 
10,000 
10,000 
17,000 




153,213,393 


1902 




557,295,588 


1903 




419, 877, 256 


1904 


3,133 


551,634.734 


1905 


681.538,811 


1906 




679. .5*3. 770 


1907 . 


2,000 
7,000 
6, 000 


467,675,000 


1908 


568,129.000 


1909 


6^0, 405, 000 






Average: 
1896-1900 


218,514 
211,387 
324,082 


11,837 
7,479 
9,498 


1,994 
8,990 
11,413 




232,345 
228, 483 
348,743 


.05 
.05 
.06 


451,478,738 


1901-1905 

1906-1909 


627 
3,750 


472,711,956 
588,938,192 



a Compiled from reports of the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. The 
quantity "shipped out of county where grown," as given in the bureau's reports, is taken here as the 
quantity maik&ted.. 



IlSr THE PACIFIC COAST EEGION, 



13 



STORES OF WHEAT AT THREE CALIFORNIA CENTERS. 

Of the three places mentioned in Table 2, Stockton is an important 
milhng center, wliile Port Costa, whose warehouses are readily 
accessible to ocean vessels, exports a considerable part of the grain 
shipped from California to foreign countries. The warehouses at 
Port Costa, although some 30 miles from San Francisco, may be 
regarded as part of the export facilities of that city; the list of ware- 
houses classed as "regular" by the San Francisco Merchants' 
Exchange includes establishments at Port Costa. 

The average amount of wheat in the warehouses of the places 
named (Table 2) declined greatly during the 19 years ending with 
1909, the average on the first of each month in 1891-1895 being 
6,000,000 bushels, and in 1906-1909 only 900,000 bushels. 

The development of California's agriculture along more profitable 
lines than that of grain production may be taken as one cause of the 
decline in the amount of grain stored at these trade centers. 

Table 2. — Mean stocks of wheat at Stockton, Port Costa, and San Francisco on the first 
day of the month, 1891-1909. a 





Average for 12 months. 


Calendar year. 


Stockton. 


Port Costa. 


San Francisco. 


Total 
bushels. 




Bushels. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Bushels. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Bushels. 


Per cent 
of total. 


1891 

1892 


1,672,600 

1,444,567 

1,541,733 

1,318,800 

1,683,467 

1,422,600 

1,124,733 

877,500 

1,244,667 

2,028,433 

1,273,933 

1,053,467 

629.667 

759,633 

583,600 

571,233 

405,267 

203,967 

226,200 


35.7 
40.2 
32.0 
15.2 
20.2 
42.7 
45.9 
36.9 
29.1 
34.9 
33.5 
42.5 
43.4 
57.7 
59.2 
36.2 
37.5 
37.5 
48.9 


6 3,012,067 

6 2,152,533 

6 3,271,933 

6 7,330,133 

6,336,833 

1,827,900 

1,230,533 

1,356,133 

2,892,633 

3,748,733 

2,. 507, 600 

1,384,433 

755,600 

465,400 

299, 133 

899, 267 

606,900 

283,600 

199,533 


64.3 
59.8 
68.0 
84.8 
76.2 
54.8 
50.3 
57.0 
67.6 
64.4 
65.8 
55.9 
52.1 
35.3 
30.4 
57.0 
56.2 
52.2 
43.2 


(^) 
(<•) 

302,533 
84,700 
93,233 
145,733 
138,967 
41,200 
28,133 
40,567 
64,400 
92,333 
102, 400 
106, 267 
67,667 
55,733 
36,367 


(0 

("-) 

(<•) 
3.6 
2.5 
3.8 
6.1 
3.3 
0.7 
0.7 
1.6 
4.5 
7.0 
10.4 
6.8 
6.3 
10.3 
7.9 


4,684,667 
3,597,100 
4,813,666 
8,648,933 
8,322,833 
3 335 200 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


2,448,499 
2,379,366 
4 276 267 


1898 

1899 


1900 


5 818 366 


1901 


3,gD9,6()6 
2 478 467 


1902 


1903 


1 449 667 


1904.. 


1 317 366 


1905 


'985' 133 


1906 d 


1 576 767 


1907.. 


1 079 834 


1908.. 


543 300 


1909 


462, 100 




Average: 

1891-1895.. 


1,532,233 

1,339,587 

860,060 

351,667 


25.5 
36.7 
42.8 
38.4 


6 4,481,206 

2,211,186 

1,082,433 

497,325 


74.5 
60.5 
53.9 
54.3 


100,767 
65,567 
66,508 


2.8 
3.3 
7.3 


6,013,439 
3 651 540 


1896-1900 


1901-1905 


2,'00S,'060 
915 500 


1906-1909 







a Compiled from annual reports of the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange. 
6 Including San Francisco. 
c Included in Port Costa. 
d Eleven months only. 



NORTHERN WHEAT FOR CALIFORNIA. MILLS. 

With the growth of population and the diversification of industry, 
California's wheat croj^s have fallen farther and farther behind 
home consumption. Many grain ranches which formerly sent 



14 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



large quantities of wheat to market have been divided into small 
fruit and vegetable farms. Hence the California wheat crop is sup- 
plemented each year from the surplus of Oregon, Washington, and 
Idaho. Some of this northern grain comes by rail and some by 
coastwise vessels. Of the total amount of wheat received at San 
Francisco during the five years ending June 30, 1910, more than 
four-fifths came by sea from ports of Oregon and Washington ; prior 
to this time scarcely one-tenth came by this route. Barley was not 
brought from the north in such large quantities, at least not over 
this route. (Table 3.) 

Table 3. — Receipts of wheat, barley, and wheat flour at San Francisco from all sources, 
and receipts from Oregon and Washington by sea, 1888-1909 .c- 





Wheat. 


Barley. 


Wheat floxu". 


Year ending 
June 30— 


Bushels. 


From Oregon and 

Washington by 

sea. 


Bushels. 


From Oregon and 
Washington by 

sea. 


Barrels. 


From Oregon and 

Washington by 

sea. 




Bushels. 


Per 

cent of 
total. 


Bushels. 


Per 

cent of 
total. 


Barrels. 


Per 
cent of 
total. 


Average: 

1888-1890.. 


21,388,277 
21,015,518 
13,984,0(0 
10,275,275 
4,314,789 


1,438,017 
2,322,220 
1,139,118 
914,460 
3,463,199 


6.7 
11.0 
8.1 
8.9 
80.3 


5,124,519 
5,574,0.50 
8,170,148 
10,100,092 
7,193,585 






1,234,225 
1,290,626 
1,416,586 
1,489,918 
895,575 


97,849 
164,574 
3.50,308 
367,858 
446,9^7 


7.9 


1891-1895.. 
1896-1900.. 
1901-1905.. 
1906-1910.. 


3.50,488 

362,248 

74,, 578 

182,556 


6 3 

4.4 

.7 

2.5 


12.8 
24.7 
24.7 
49.9 


1906 


6,184,728 
1,713,065 
3,901,725 
4,558,853 
5,215,572 


5,239,902 
642, 120 
2,522,100 
4,136,740 
4,775,133 


84.7 
37.5 
64.6 
90.7 
91.6 


6,057,246 
9,261,425 
5,637,023 
8,150,915 
6,861,317 


28,077 

42,775 

.597,727 

242,419 

1,781 


.5 

.5 

10.6 

3.0 


815,612 
1,030,679 
885,645 
907,947 
837, 993 


354,428 
404,899 
419,628 
542,734 
513,197 


43.5 


1907 


39.3 


1908. . 


47.4 


1909. . 


59.8 


1910 


61.2 







oCompiled from annual reports of the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange. 
b Less than 0.05 per cent. 

COASTWISE SHIPMENTS FROM PORTLAND AND TACOMA. 



The wheat shipped in coastwise vessels from Portland and Tacoma 
during the year ending June 30, 1910, amounted to more than 
4,600,000 bushels, while barley shipments were comparatively small. 
(Table 4.) Much of this grain is carried by regular lines of steamers, 
but when rates are high enough boats usually engaged in the lumber 
trade may bid against the regular lines for cargoes of grain. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST EEGION. 



1^) 



Table 4. — Shipments of wheat and barley from Portland and Tacoma to other United'- 

States ports, 1906-1910.<^ 





From Portland. 


From Tacoma. 


Year ending June 30 — 


Wheat. 


Barley. 


Wheat. 


Barley. 


1906 


Bushels. 
C) 

900,904 
2,446,236 
3,932,891 
3,890,055 


Bushels. 

5,600 

241,608 

153,694 

10,958 


Bushels. 

2,374,262 
312,012 
970,817 
967,960 

1,725,406 


Bushels. 
20,096 


1907 


; 26, 103 


1908 


173,724 


1909 


4,621 


1910 


2,500 








c 2, 792, 522 


c 102,965 


1,270,091 


45,409! 







a From reports of harbor masters and the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance. 

b Not stated. 

c Average, four years, 1907-1910. 

RIVER TRAFFIC. 

The figures in Table 5 are not to be taken to include all freight 
carried on the waterways named; it may be assumed that some 
traffic has not been reported. Presuming the um-eported tonnage, 
to remain about the same, or to vary in the same proportion as that 
reported, the annual reports may be taken to indicate a general 
increase or decrease in traffic. 

Table b.^Tonnage of all freight and of grain and live stock carried on selected inland 
waterways of the Pacific coast region, 1900-1908 .o- 

[Tons of 2,000 pounds.] 



Calendar year. 


Lower Columbia River 
(excluding sea-going traffic). 


Upper Columbia (above Ce- 
lilo) and Snake Rivers. 


San 
Joaquin 
River. 


Sacra- 
mento 
River;. 




All 

freight. 


Grain. 


Live 
stock. 


All 
freight. 


Grain. 


Live 
stock. 


All 
freight. 


All 

freight. 


1900 


Tms. 
1,287,582 
1,534,780 
1,567,336 
1,596,220 
1,905,451 
2,313,153 
2,331,121 
2.586,964 
2,927,041 


Tons. 

26,208 

48,990 

42,039 

38,680 

31,694 

31,250 

22,47S 

66,385 

44,781 


Tons. 
7,065 
6,328 
5,848 
5,659 
6,964 
7,013 
6,962 
8,945 
8,207 


Tons. 

35,920 

36, 723 

37,824 

44,379 

43,547 

28,380 

71,5.56 

47,004 

47,674 


Tons. 

25,231 

29,131 

31,328 

34,034 

32,348 

14,936 

40,023 

31,596 

43,890 


Tons. 
603 
519 
130 
491 
1,205 
42 
589 
503 
151 


Tons. 
270,887 
357,746 
322,000 
366,038 
360, 486 
373,186 
440,300 
6 736,472 
509,233 


T(ms. 
461,314 


1901 


452,965' 


1902 


404,900' 


1903 . 


383,724 


1904 


353,164 


1905 


365,957 


1906 


375,000 


1907 


367,224 


1908 


394,945 







a As reported to United States Army engineers. 

6 Does not include lumber and tan bark valued at $1,150,200. 

On this assumption, traffic on the Columbia, Sacramento, and San 
Joaquin Rivers, taken together, increased considerably from 1900 to 
J908. One of the principal commodities on the Columbia is grain; 
jn 1907 more than 66,000 tons,'^ and in 1908 nearly 45,000 tons, were 
carried. The tonnage of live stock on the lower Columbia in 1907 
would be equivalent to about 16,000 head of cattle or 179,000 head 
of sheep. 

ff UnJes? otherwise stated, the ton throughout this bulletin refers to the short ton of 2,000 pounds. 



16 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Although data showing grain traffic on the Sacramento and San 
Joaquin are but fragmentary, it is known that much wheat and 
barley are shipped by steamboats and barges down these streams to 
tidewater. The grain carried on the San Joaquin in 1907 was 
reported as 137,306 tons, while 109,427 tons were reported in 1906 
and 63,457 tons in 1908; live-stock traffic in 1906 amounted to 3,336 
tons and to 3,244 tons in 1908. 

Compared with other systems of inland waterways in the United 
States, the Pacific coast system (including Alaska) was fourth in the 
order of total freight carried but second in tonnage of grain, accord- 
ing to the census report, 1906. (Table 6.) 

Table 6. — Tonnage of grain and of all freight carried on inland waterways of the United 

States, 1906 a 

(Tons of 2,000 pounds.] 





Grain. 


All freight. 


Group of waterways. 


Tons. 


Per cent 
of total 
United 
States. 


Tons. 


Per cent 
of total 
United 
States. 


Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River 


3,689,329 
691,779 
530,843 
380,721 
499,340 


63.7 
11.9 
9.1 
6.6 

8.7 


75,610,690 
13,301,293 
65,360,958 
19,531,093 

3,716,765 


42 6 


Pacific coast, including Alaska 


7 5 


Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico 


36.8 


Mississippi River and tributaries 


11.0 


All other 


2. 1 






Total contiguous United States and Alaska 


5,792,012 


100.0 


177,520,799 


100.0 







a Special report of the Bureau of the Census on " Transportation by water, 1906," pp. 34 and 35. Data 
for Great Lakes and St. LavsTence River, quoted by census from reports of the Department of Commerce 
and Labor on the "Internal commerce of the United States," include freight moved from place to place 
within harbors; other data exclude harbor traffic. 



CHIEF RIVER PORTS. 

The shipments on inland waterways from the principal river ports 
of the Pacific coast included in 1906 less than one-half of the entire 
tonnage carried on the inland waterways of this region, and slightly 
more than one-half of the grain tonnage. This is to be expected, 
since much of this traffic consists of numerous consignments shipped 
from a large number of minor ports and landings. As given in 
Table 7, the grain tonnage on these waterways, excluding seagoing 
and harbor traffic, amounted to nearly 5 per cent of the total tonnage. 



IN" THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



17 



Table 7. — Shipments on inland waterways of grain and of all freight from selected ports 

of the Pacific coast, 1906. « 

[Tons of 2,000 pounds.! 



Shipped from- 



San Francisco. 

Stockton 

Seattle 

Portland 

Tacoma 

Alaska potts.. 
Sacramento . . . 
All other ports 

Total..., 



Grain. 


All freight. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


117,856 


1,656,614 


85,461 


260,195 


58,411 


856,988 


55,019 


492,573 


34,137 


270, 256 


2,944 


218,515 


2,936 


254,023 


335,015 


9,292,129 


691,779 


13,301,293 



a Special report of the Biu'eau of the Census on "Transportation by water, 1906." Seagoing and harbor 
traffic not included. 

THE PANAMA ROUTE. 



Of the freight crossing the Isthmus of Panama in transit between 
New York and San Francisco, most of the agricultural produce, at 
least prior to 1893, was eastbound. Among the chief articles of this 
class were wool, hides, and skins. Subsequent to 1892 the separate 
items of this trade were not published in the official returns. 

The westbound traffic over the Panama route is more valuable than 
the eastbound; in 1906-1909 the average yearly movement westward 
amounted to about $3,200,000, while freight carried in the opposite 
direction was worth about $1,700,000. 

In addition to the trade between these two cities, there are also 
movements between other Atlantic and Pacific ports by way of 
Panama, including Hawaiian sugar on its way to refineries along the 
North Atlantic seaboard. (Tables 8 and 9.) 

Table 8. — Value of all merchandise and of farm products carried between Neiv York 
and San Francisco via the Isthmus of Panama, 187 1-1892. "■ 





From New York to San 
Francisco. 


From San Francisco to New 
York. 


Year ending June 30 — 


Total mer- 
chandise. 


Farm products. 


Total mer- 
chandise. 


Farm products. 




Amount. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Average: 

1871-1875 


$6,314,329 
3,372,585 
1,053,563 
2,005,176 
2,560,132 
2,123,534 


$370,559 
226,272 
40,913 
79,119 
52,477 
51,442 


5.9 
6.7 
3.9 
3.9 
2.0 
2.4 


$2,493,527 
2,457,038 
2,059,580 
1,666,226 
1,129,893 
1,338,260 


$1,212,559 
994,029 
763,801 
1,029,160 
891,613 
840,120 


48 6 


1876-1880 


40 5 


1881-1885 

1886-1890 


37.1 
61 8 


1891 


78 9 


1892 


62 8 







a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, pub- 
lished by the United States Department of Commerce and Labor. 

99072°— Bull. 89—11 2 



18 



MARKETING GEAIISr AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 9. — Shipments of domestic and foreign m,erchandise between Neti) York and San 
Francisco via the Isthmus of Panama, 187 1-1909. C' 



Year ending June 30— 


From New York to San Francisco. 


From San Francisco to New York. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Average: 

1871-1875 


$6,314,329 
3,372,585 
1,053,563 
2,005,176 
2,714,962 
4,094,791 
5,439,810 
3,239,442 


$141,833 

145,404 

5,179 

58,155 

47,307 

14,470 

2,049 


$6,456,162 
3,517,989 
1,058,742 
2,063,331 
2,762,269 
4,109,261 
5,441,859 
3,239,442 


$2,493,527 
2,457,038 
2,059,580 
1,666,226 
1,491,793 
1,371,146 
2,577,949 
1,721,510 


$116,607 
29,444 
20,030 
87,447 
52, 196 
27,548 
28,355 
20,629 


$2,610,134 

2,486,482 


1876-1880 


1881-1885 


2,079,610 


1886-1890 


1,753,673 
1,543,989 


1891-1895 


1896-1900 


1,398,694 


1901-1905 


2,606,304 


1906-1909 


1,742,039 








1906 


3,766,489 

''3,302,475 

2,372,671 

3,516,133 




3,766,489 

6 3,302,475 

2,372,671 

3,516,133 


2,002,907 

c 2, 278, 112 

1,409,207 

1,195,816 


7,100 

c 54, 283 

17,261 

3,471 


2,010,007 
c 2, 332, 395 


1907 




1908 




1,426,468 


1909 


1,199,287 







a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, pub- 
lished by the United States Department of Commerce and Labor. 
6 From New York to " Pacific ports." 
c From San Francisco to "Atlantic ports." 

TEHUANTEPEC AND CAPE HORN. 

In January, 1907, a new route was opened between the Atlantic 
and Pacific coasts of the United States. The Tehuantepec National 
Railwa}^, about 190 niiles long, was completed between Puerto 
Mexico (until then called Coatzacoalcos), on the east coast of Mexico, 
and Salina Cruz, on the west coast. At each terniinal connection 
was niade with steamship lines and through service thereby estab- 
lished. Freight cars were made with movable roofs, so that articles 
could be reached by ships' tackle and transferred to or from ocean 
vessels. 

The traffic over this route from San Francisco to New York was 
less than $400,000 in the six months ending June 30, 1907, and more 
than $4,700,000 in the fiscal year 1909, while goods from Hawaii to 
Atlantic ports exceeded $18,000,000 in 1909. Shipments from New 
York to San Francisco in this fiscal year were worth nearly $16,000,000 
and to Hawaii nearly $3,000,000. 

For the old way between the eastern and the western coasts of the 
United States, the sailing vessels' course around Cape Horn, complete 
traffic figures are lacking. A constant service is maintained over this 
route and many of the ships used are built of steel and fitted with 
modern appliances. The commodities carried from San Francisco by 
these sailers include wine, wool, canned goods, scrap iron, and 
miscellaneous package freight. Steamships also engage to some 
extent in this traffic around South America; they, however, are 
frequently able to use the shorter passage through the Strait of 
Magellan instead of going around Cape Horn. Occasionally some 
grain is carried over this all-water route to United States Atlantic 
ports. One steamer, leaving San Francisco May 18, 1910, carried 
about 60,000 bushels of barley as part of its cargo; the destination, 
New York, was reached July 20. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



19 



The vessels in this trade sometimes include Hawaii in their service, 
and carry sugar thence to the Atlantic coast. In addition to mis- 
cellaneous package freight, "general cargo" as it is called, an impor- 
tant item in this westbound tonnage around Cape Horn is coal. 

The two preceding paragraphs refer only to trade between United 
States ports and do not touch upon the large traffic between Pacific 
coast ports and Europe. Exports of grain to foreign countries are 
discussed on pages 28 to 40, inclusive. 



ALASKA. 

For the past several ^^ears about $6,000,000 worth of farm products 
has been shipped annually from more southern of the United States 
ports to Alaska, of which amount about $2,000,000 consisted of 
grain products, meat, and live animals. (Table 10.) 

A considerable part of the live stock in this trade moves through 
Seattle, coming by rail from the interior and being transshipped to 
coastwise steamers at this port. For the seven semiannual periods 
shown in Table 1 1 , from 11 to nearly 52 per cent of the number of live 
animals sent from other parts of the United States to Alaska were 
loaded out from Seattle. 

Table 10. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house products, grain, and grain 
products from other parts of the United States to Alaska, 1903-1910 A 





Year ending June 30 — 


Article. ' 


19a3 


1904 


1905 


1906 




Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


Live animals: 

Cattle No.. 

Horses No.. 

Sheep No.. 

Other 


1,089 

714 

11,591 


$57,493 
71,777 
37,720 
33,453 


1,014 

688 

11,141 


$50,300 
81,702 
37, 764 
21,134 


1,540 

764 
3,089 


$88,357 
87,654 
13,094 
24,059 


1,875 

749 

3,101 


$118,600 

110,871 

17,776 

30,743 














Total live animals 




200,443 




190,900 




213, 164 




277, 990 














Packing-house products: 
Beef, canned and cured. 


1,547,184 
590,532 

1,307,323 
25,637 


54, 149 
140, 178 

186,001 

3,575 

237, 704 


803,811 
2,335,942 

1,615,071 
199,409 


73,069 
199, 467 

221 903 

19,208 

173,296 


855,589 
2,585,218 

2,3.55,408 
332,636 


70, 573 
202, 413 

314,645 
31,356 
173, 459 


1,000,987 
3,916,596 

2,855,128 
453,557 


78,950 
294,780 

385,158 

45,185 

220,187 


Beef, fresh lbs . . 

Pork, canned and cured, 
pounds 


Pork, fresh lbs. . 

Other 












Total packing-house 
products 




621,607 




686, 943 




792, 446 




1,024,260 










Grain and grain products: 

Bread and biscuit lbs. . 

Oats bush.. 

Wheatflour bbls.. 

Other 


433,718 
176, 456 
35,583 


24,673 
89,010 
132,473 
133, 545 


743,344 

176,861 
40, 711 


45,326 

73,891 

175,643 

98,062 


868,005 

302,353 

51,847 


49,254 
141,193 
230,360 
118,225 


1,154,205 

381,893 

60, 773 


65,282 
178,483 
274,698 
111,260 














Total grain and grain 
products 




379,701 




392, 922 




539,032 




629, 723 














Total value, three groups 
named above... 




1,201,751 




1,270,765 




1,544,642 




1,931,973 















o Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 



20 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 10. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house products, grain, and grain 
products from other parts of the United States to Alaska, 1903-1910 — Continued. 





Year ending June 30— 


Article. 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 




Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity. 


Value. 


Live animals: 

Cattle No.. 

Horses No. . 

Sheep No.. 

Other 


2,223 
1,025 
5,393 


$137,324 

200,287 

32,850 

41,364 


1,721 
504 

2,427 


$112,049 
70,637 
15,914 
28,092 


2,672 

421 

4,495 


$177, 150 
92,845 
29,027 
24,388 


1,654 
274 
612 


$110,277 
59,750 
3,642 
30, 215 














Total live animals 




411,825 




226,692 




323,410 




203,884 














Packing-house products: 
Beef, canned and cured, 


957,965 
3,987,665 

2,921,761 
640, 697 


78,325 
339, 428 

455,873 

70,918 

251,542 


708,749 
3,802,667 

3,119,753 
523,204 


62,258 
316,020 

473,289 

59, 185 

206,766 


787, 661 
4,448,510 

3,558,643 
613,361 


72,939 
392,371 

566,234 

70, 447 

258, 400 


1,247,-343 
3,893,205 

3,149,361 
516,484 


123,-320 


Beef, fresh lbs. . 

Pork, canned and cured, 
3X)unds 


362,573 
569, 159 


Pork, fresh lbs. . 

Other 


71,045 

287,389 














Total packing-house 




1,196,086 




1,117,518 




1,360,-391 




1,413,486 












Grain and grain products: 

Bread and biscuit lbs. . 

Oats bush.. 

Wheat flour bbls . . 

Other 


1,298,219 
449,855 
63,662 


73,341 
227,093 
281,504 
111,430 


1,015,672 

423,674 
48,768 


64, 930 
206,389 
223,596 
147,062 


1,-323,759 

393,881 

54,016 


78, 102 
213, 925 
281,306 
142,687 


1,402,553 

349, 836 

65,722 


88,348 
208,565 
374,953 
155,094 














Total grain and grain 




693,368 




641,977 




716,020 




826,960 














Total value, three groups 




2,301,279 




1,986,187 




2,399,821 




2,444,330 















Table 11. — Semiannual shipments of live stock from Seattle and other United States 
ports to Alaska, from July, 1907, to December, 1910, inclusive. 



Six months ending- 



From Seattle.a 


From other United 
States ports. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Number. 


Percent 
of total. 


897 


28.9 


2,212 


71.1 


1,170 


48.5 


1,241 


51.5 


493 


U.3 


3,874 


88.7 


1,891 


44.0 


2,411 


56.0 


337 


19.3 


1,405 


80.7 


494 


25.0 


1,482 


75.0 


474 


5L8 


441 


48.2 



Total, 
number. & 



December, 1907 

June, 1908 

December, 1908 

June, 1909 

December, 1909 

June, 1910 

December, 1910 



3,109 
2,411 
4,367 
4,302 
1,742 
1,976 
915 



a Reports of the Seattle harbor master. 

b Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States. 



HAWAII. 



The grain and grain products, packing-house products, and Hve 
animals shipped from other parts of the United States to Hawaii 
during the last few years, covered by Table 12, were about the same 
in value as tlie corresponding shipments to Alaska. The chief items 
in this movement were bran, middlings and mill feed, wheat flour, and 
barley. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



21 



Table 12. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house products, grain, and 
grain products from other parts of the United States to Hawaii, 1900, 1903-1910. C' 





Year ending June 30— 


Article. 


1900 


1903 


1904 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Live animals: 

Cattle number. . 

Horses do 

Mules do 

Sheep do 


75 

706 

1,200 


$4, 215 
74, 922 
123,333 


36 

131 

213 

162 

2,009 


83,591 
14, 870 
25, 680 

1,618 
17,542 

2,319 


93 

67 

310 

564 

4,070 


$9,291 
9,085 

39, 306 
2,098 

29,092 
4,274 


Swine do — 

Other 


2,699 


18, 427 
14, 725 










Total live animals 




235, 622 




65,620 




93 146 












Packing-house products: 

Beef, canned and cured.. pounds. . 

Beef, fresh do 

Pork, canned and cured. . .do 

Pork, fresh do 


678, 180 
593, 148 
734,297 


98,140 
46, 963 
86,388 


738,920 
89, 582 
605, 873 
167, 670 


77,988 
7,493 
87,982 
18. 155 
148,234 


815,284 
31,903 
571,, 397 
140, 434 


76,990 

2,707 

80, 251 

13,957 

137 036 


Other 




71, 943 












Total packing-house products . . 




303, 434 




339, 852 




310,941 










Grain and grain products: 

Barley bushels. . 

Bran, middUngs,and mill feed, 
tons 


657, 763 

10, 504 
1,909,760 

31,674 
179,204 

16,535 
107, 827 


275,327 

161,248 
84, 949 
21,149 
73,580 
11,464 

366, 557 
30, 324 


953,427 

11,758 
1,181,973 

55,683 
1.37, 981 

38,617 
106,029 


526,074 

250, 363 
70,578 
48, 158 
57, 890 
32,310 

411,790 
73, 290 


870,769 

11,671 
1,1.30,954 

41,553 
117,313 

40, 940 
118,615 


478,385 
257 790 


Bread and biscuit pounds. . 

Oats do 

Wheat do.... 

Wheat flour barrels. . 

Other 


67, 043 
37,239 
49,996 
37,098 
513,210 
84,924 










Total grain and grain products. . 




1,024,604 




1,470,453 




1,525,691 










Total value, three groups 
named above 




1,563,660 




1,875,925 




1,929,778 










Year ending June 30— 


Article. 


1905 


1906 


1907 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Live animals: 

Cattle number. . 

Horses do 

Mules do 

Sheep do 

Swine do 

Other 


143 

45 

270 

20 

2,236 


$10, 125 

8,280 

35, 610 

339 

14,075 

4,487 


119 

65 

339 

123 

3,758 


$10,355 

10, 540 

59, 365 

818 

29, 738 

4,381 


66 
111 
352 

25 
2,199 


$6,665 
20, 0.50 
69, 920 
300 
22, 724 
4,561 










Total live animals 




72, 916 




115,197 




124, 220 


Packing-house products: 

Beef, canned and cured. pounds. . 
Beef, fresh do 


798, 841 

10,417 

514,470 

110, 920 


76,840 

998 

67, 467 

11,079 

136,549 


1,128,106 

20, 347 

602, 683 

63, 467 


100,260 
2,002 

78,883 

6,877 

139,414 


503,436 


46,602 


Pork , canned and cured do 

Pork, fresh do.. . 

Other 


567, 588 
42,352 


85,308 

•5, 690 

153, 213 










Total packing-house products . . 




292,933 




333, 436 




290,813 











a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 



22 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 12. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house products, grain, and 
grain products from other parts of the United States to Hawaii, 1900, 1903-1910 — 
Continued. 





Year ending June 30— 


Article. 


1905 


1906 


1907 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Grain and grain products: 

Barley bushels. . 

Bran, middlings, and mill feed. 


880, 961 

9,353 
870, 256 
43, 176 
84,958 
41, 404 
99, 590 


$501,227 

202, 337 
57,042 
37,293 
39,340 
39,099 

440,217 
98, 420 


913, 441 

11,751 
872, 504 
57, 404 
81,939 
45, 969 
109, 287 


$529, 609 

243, 588 
58, 517 
46, 619 
37,820 
40,071 

444, 158 
85,055 


830, 635 

15, 289 
700, 990 
51,801 
91,614 
52,227 
106, 715 


$470, 433 

308,405 
52, 533 
41,690 
35,420 
41,895 

424, 169 
95, 522 


Bread and biscuit pounds.. 

Corn bushels. . 

Oats do 

Wheat do 

Wheat flour barrels. . 

Other 












Total grain and grain products. . 




1,414,975 




1,485,437 




1,470,067 










Total value, three groups 
named above 




1,780,824 




1,934,070 




1,885,100 

















Year ending June 30— 


Article. 


1908 


1909 


1910 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Live animals: 

Cattle 

Horses 

Mules 

Sheep 

Swine 

Other 


number. . 

...do.... 

...do.... 

...do.... 
....do.... 


221 
176 
540 
45 
502 


$25, 800 

38,212 

108, 147 

410 

5, 463 

10, 289 


119 

718 

797 

39 

1,660 


$8, 550 

124, 891 

156,710 

424 

17,887 

6,096 


152 
136 
668 
100 
411 


$16, 980 

28, 760 

133,995 

510 

4,637 

5,620 














Total live animals 




188,321 




314, 558 




190, 502 




.pounds.. 
do 










Packing-house products: 
Beef, canned and cured 
Beef, fresh 


678,350 


68,014 


617,541 
237,227 
665, 400 
155, 293 


68,747 
22, 284 

100,058 
19,362 

199,710 


557,507 
58,733 

648, 781 
49,806 


64,814 
5,329 


Pork, canned and cured 

Pork, fresh 

Other 


....do.... 
....do.... 


583, 538 
28, 774 


87,951 

3.971 

161,705 


116,908 

7,375 

238, 107 




)roducts. . 










Total packing-house x 




321,641 




410, 161 




432,533 


.bushels., 
nill feed. 








Grain and grain products: 

Barley 

Bran," middlings, and i 
tons 


501,551 

22, 234 
635,017 

49, 340 
104, 850 

60, 345 
113,185 


338, 545 

549, 226 
43, 770 
42, 494 
52, 052 
58,167 

502, 488 
97, 190 


575,819 

22,942 
469, 877 

58,937 
152, 695 

69, 692 
121,838 


410, 637 

004, 480 
37,036 
55, 595 
81,101 
73, 133 
567, (503 
143,533 


781,814 

16, 877 
326,982 

40,967 
150. 926 

68, 053 
103, 548 


514,573 
452, 349 


Bread and biscuit 

Corn 

Oats 

Wheat 

Wheat flour 

Other 


.pounds. . 
.bushels. . 
....do.... 
....do.... 
.barrels. . 


25, 693 
38, 218 
77,245 
71,891 
535, 732 
203,080 




iroducts. . 










Total grain and grain ] 




1.683.932 




1,973,118 




1,918,781 




groups 










Total value, three 
named above 




2,193,894 




2, 697, 837 




2,541,816 













LIVE STOCK AT PORTLAND. 



Seasons and routes of marketing are illustrated in Tables 13 and 14, 
which are based upon reports of the new stockyards at Portland. 
The receipts of cattle are fairly well distributed throughout the year. 
The lowest relative number for any month of the year ending Sep- 
tember, 1910, was 5.9 per cent of the total year's receipts, and the 



m THE PACIFIC COAST EEGIOlsr. 



23 



highest percentage was 11.0. The receipts of hogs ranged from 3.1 
per cent in February, 1910, to 13.6 per cent in October, 1909; while 
the receipts of sheep ranged from 3.2 per cent for March, 1910, to 14.9 
per cent in September, 1910. 

Grouped by points of origin, by far the greatest number of the 
cattle was delivered by railroads connecting Portland with the valleys 
of the Columbia and Snake Rivers, and more than one-half of the 
sheep came over the same routes. Hogs came chiefly from the east, 
some of them from points as far away as Nebraska. It will be noted 
that the cattle and sheep reaching Portland from the south came in 
largest numbers in the months when receipts from the east were 
smallest. 

Table 13. — Monthly receipts of live stock at Union Stockyards, Portland, during the year 
ending Sept. 30, 1910, by routes."' 





Route. 




By rail. 


By boats. 


Driven in. 




Kind and month. 


East. 


North and 
west. 


South. 


Total. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


CATTLE. 

1909. 


7,573 
5,504 

4,708 

8,030 
6, 124 
6, 167 
4,774 
1,019 
3,310 
3,935 
4,914 
7,387 


11.9 

8.7 
7.4 

12.7 
9.7 
9.7 
7.5 
1.6 
5.2 
6.2 
7.8 

11.6 






1,002 
744 
301 

1,814 
1,054 
1,288 
1,637 
5,911 
5,611 
1,807 
2,690 
976 


4.0 
3.0 
1.2 

7.3 
4.3 
5.2 
6.6 
23.8 
22.6 
7.3 
10.8 
3.9 






140 
38 

62 

158 
27 
15 
19 
41 
16 
8 
40 

247 


17.3 
4.7 
7.6 

19.5 
3.3 
1.8 
2.3 
5.1 
2.0 
1.0 
4.9 

30.5 


8,715 
6,453 
5,388 

10,002 
7,270 
7,749 
6,488 
7,186 
9,014 
5,985 
7, 786 
8,699 


9.6 




64 
189 


8.1 
24.0 


103 
128 


12.0 
14.9 


7.1 


December 


5.9 


1910. 
January 


11.0 








65 
29 
21 

213 
77 

150 
46 
26 


7.6 
3.4 
2.4 

24.8 
9.0 

17.5 
5.4 
3.0 


8.0 


March 


250 

37 

2 


31.8 

4.7 

.3 


8.6 


April 


7.2 




7.9 




9.9 


July 


85 
96 
63 


11.0 
12.0 
8.1 


6.6 




8.6 


September 


9.6 






12 months 


63,445 


100.0 


786 


100.0 


24,835 


100.0 


858 


100.0 


811 


100.0 


90,735 


100.0 


CALVES. 

1909. 
October 


805 
569 

858 

284 
162 
287 
125 
74 

1,179 
465 
417 

1,149 


12.6 
8.9 
13.5 

4.5 
2.5 
4.5 
2.0 
1.2 

18.5 
7.3 
6.5 

18.0 






133 
52 
15 

10 
47 
23 
138 
174 
381 
334 
281 
122 


7.8 

3.0 

.9 

.6 

2.8 

1.3 

8.1 

10.2 

22.3 

19.5 

16.4 

7.1 






1 
1 


5.0 
5.0 


939 
622 

877 

294 
209 
310 
277 
266 

1,562 
821 
713 

1,272 


11.5 


November 










7.6 


December 


1 


8.3 


3 


6.4 


10.7 


1910. 
January 






3.6 


February 














2.6 


March 














3.8 


April 






14 
6 

""'26' 
4 


29.8 
12.8 

'42.' 5' 

8.5 






3.4 


May.... 






12 
2 
1 
2 
1 


60.0 
10.0 

5.0 
10.0 

5.0 


3 3 


June 






19 1 


July 


1 
10 


8.3 
83.4 


10.1 


August 


8.7 


September 


15.6 














12 months 


6,374 


100.0 


12 


100.0 


1,710 


100.0 


47 


100.0 


20 


100.0 


8,162 


100.0 


SHEEP. 

1909. 
October 


11,060 
3,294 
2,256 


15.3 
4.5 
3.1 






4,813 
4,379 
5,111 


7.0 
6.4 
7.4 






695 


6.0 


16.568 
7,673 
7,851 


10 8 


November 










5.0 


December 


82 


io.o 







402 


3.4 


5.1 



o Compiled from the First Annual Report of the Portland Union Stoelcyards Co. 



24 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 13. — Monthly receipts of live stock at Union Stockyards, Portland, during the year 
ending Sept. 30, 1910, by routes — Continued. 





Route. 




By rail. 


By boats. 


Driven in. 


Tots 




Kind and month. 


East. 


North and 
west. 


South. 


U. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


SHEEP— continued. 

1910. 
January 


6.486 
4,285 
2,843 
1,989 
2,139 
5,437 
4,892 
11,920 
15,912 


9.0 
5.9 
3.9 
2.7 
3.0 
7.5 
6.8 
16.4 
21.9 


151 

68 

255 

178 


18.3 

8.3 

30.9 

21.6 


1,599 
169 
1.807 
4,241 
14,721 
16,083 
0,929 
4,874 
3,954 


2.3 

.3 

2.6 

6.2 

21.4 

23.4 

10.1 

7.1 

5.8 






457 

966 
60 

264 
1,067 

784 
1,573 
2,270 
3,108 


3.9 
8.3 
.5 
2.3 
9.2 
6.7 
13.5 
19.5 
26.7 


8,693 

5,488 

4,989 

6,798 

18,053 

22,304 

13, 484 

19,073 

22,997 


5 6 


February 






3 6 


March 


24 
126 
126 


7.8 
40.9 
40.9 


3 2 


April 


4 4 


May 


11 7 


June 






14 5 


July 


90 


10.9 






8 8 


August 


9 
23 


2.9 
7.5 


12 4 


September 






14 9 










12 months 


72,513 


100.0 


824 


100.0 


68,680 


100.0 


308 


100.0 


11,646 


100.0 


153,971 


100.0 


HOGS. 

1909. 
October 


8,620 
8,825 
9,780 

5,567 
2,621 
4,471 
5,022 
9,618 
5,812 
5,347 
5,723 
8,105 


10.9 
11.1 
12.3 

7.0 
3.3 
5.6 
6.3 

12.1 
7.3 
6.7 
7.2 

10.2 






4,203 

3,401 

983 

885 
203 
241 
419 
404 

1,021 
503 
302 

1,587 


29.7 

24.0 

6.9 

6.3 
1.4 
1.7 
3.0 
2.9 
7.2 
3.0 
2.1 
11.2 


146 
69 

85 

72 

96 

39 

21 

10 

24 

353 

212 

212 


10.9 
5.2 
6.3 

5.4 
7.2 
2.9 
1.6 

. 7 

1.8 

26.4 

15.8 

15.8 


25 
40 
2 

17 


7.9 

12.7 

.6 

5.4 


12,994 
12,335 
10,934 

6,541 
2,938 
4,929 
5,463 
10,057 
6,857 
6,226 
6,416 
9,980 


13 6 


November 






12 9 


December .. 


84 


23.8 


11 4 


1910. 
January 


6 8 


February 


18 
178 


5.1 
50.4 


3.1 


March 






5 2 


April 


1 

25 


.3 

8.0 


5.7 


May 






10.5 


June 






7.2 


July 


23 


0.5 






6.5 


August 


179 
26 


56.8 
8.3 


6.7 


September 


50 


14.2 


10.4 






12 months 


79, 511 


100.0 


353 


100.0 


14, 152 


100.0 


1,339 


100.0 


315 


100.0 


95,670 


100.0 


HORSES AND MULES. 

1909. 
October 


77 
219 
111 

03 
225 
101 

38 
137 
203 
269 

65 

75 


4.9 
13.8 
7.0 

4.0 

14.2 
6.4 
2.4 
8.7 
12.8 
17.0 
4.1 
4.7 






23 
35 

28 


21.1 
32.1 
25.7 










100 
254 

176 

63 
230 
207 

38 
152 
232 
306 

73 

80 


5.2 


November 














13.3 


December 


37 


19.1 










9.2 


1910. 










3.3 


February 






5 

7 


4.6 
6.4 










12.0 




99 


51.0 










10.8 












2.0 




1 

26 

29 

2 


.5 

13.4 

15.0 

1.0 










14 


56.0 


8.0 


June 


3 
4 
3 
1 


2.8 

3.7 

2.7 

.9 






12.2 


July 






4 
3 
4 


16.0 
12.0 
16.0 


16.0 








3.8 


September 






4.2 














12 months 


1,583 


100.0 


194 


100.0 


109 


100.0 






25 


100.0 


1,911 


100.0 










ALL UVE STOCK. 

1909. 
October 


Cars. 
440 
343 
311 

401 
302 
313 
253 
169 
233 
254 
311 
463 


Per 

cent. 

11.6 

9.0 

8.2 

10.6 
8.0 
8.2 
6.7 
4.5 
6.1 
6.7 
8.2 

12.2 


Cars. 


Per 
cent. 


Cars. 
127 
112 
71 

100 

48 

69 

107 

345 

355 

141 

1.53 

92 


Per 

cent. 
7.4 
6.5 
4.1 

5.8 
2.8 
4.0 
6.2 
20.0 
20.7 
8.2 
8.9 
5.4 










Cars. 
567 
457 
393 

502 
351 
402 
363 
515 
590 
400 
469 
559 


Per 

cent. 
10.2 


November 


2 

11 

1 
1 
20 
3 
1 
2 

5 
5 
4 


3.6 
20.0 

1.8 
1.8 
36.4 
5.5 
1.8 
3.6 
9.1 
9.1 
7.3 










8.2 


December 










7.1 


1910. 
January 










9.0 


Feburary 










6.3 


March 










7.2 


April 










6.5 


May 










9.3 


June 










10.6 


July 










7.2 












8.4 


September 










10.0 














12 months 


3,793 


100.0 


55 


100.0 


1,720 


100.0 










5,508 


100.0 















IN" THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



25 



Table 14. — 3{onthly shipments of live stock from Union Stockyards, Portland, dur- 
ing the year ending Sept. SO, 1910, by routes^ 





Route. 




By rail. 


By boats. 


Driven out. 


Tota 




Kind and month. 


East. 


North and 
west. 


South. 


1. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Niun- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Nimi- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


CATTLE. 

1909. 

October 

November 


1,320 

1,116 

549 

675 
770 
845 
653 
519 
699 
144 
743 
260 


15.9 
13.5 
6.6 

8.1 
9.3 
10.2 
7.9 
6.3 
8.4 
1.7 
9.0 
3.1 


2,448 
1,887 
1,925 

4,296 
3,113 
2,499 
1,898 
2, 278 
3,385 
2,404 
2,331 
2,557 


7.9 
6.1 
6.2 

13.9 
10.0 
8.1 
6.1 
7.3 
10.9 
7.8 
7.5 
8.2 


1 

15 
54 

513 
352 
100 
301 
133 
137 
140 
200 
250 


"h'.'l 
2.5 

23.4 

16.0 
4.5 

13.7 
6.1 
6.2 
6.4 
9.1 

11.4 


306 
40 
53 


11.4 
1.5 
2.0 


4,346 
3, 502 
2,994 

3,807 
3,490 
3,892 
3,291 
3,577 
4,213 
3,378 
4,537 
5,261 


9.4 
7.6 
6.5 

8.2 
7.5 
8.4 
7.1 
7.7 
9.1 
7.3 
9.8 
11.4 


8,421 
6, 500 
5,575 

9,291 
7,766 
7,578 
6,741 
6,918 
8,730 
6,525 
7,878 
8,509 


9.3 

7.2 
6.2 


1910. 


10.3 




41 
242 
598 
411 
296 
459 

67 
181 


1.5 
9.0 
22.2 
15.2 
11.0 
17.0 
2.5 
6.7 


8.6 


March 


8.4 




7.4 




7.6 


June 


9.7 


July 


7.2 




8.7 




9.4 






12 months 


8,293 


100.0 


31,021 


100.0 


2,196 


100.0 


2,694 


100.0 


46,288 


100.0 


90,492 


100.0 


CALVES. 

1909. 


281 
362 
540 

103 
101 
171 
11 
72 
163 
50 
110 
114 


13.6 
17.4 
26.0 

4.9 
4.9 
8.2 
.5 
3.5 
7.8 
2.4 
5.3 
5.5 


276 
262 

285 

120 
U 
53 
151 
73 
430 
344 
258 
502 


10.0 
9.5 
10.3 

4.3 
.4 
1.9 
5.5 
2.6 
15.6 
12.4 
9.3 
18.2 










356 
18 
52 

52 
100 
82 
83 
120 
744 
517 
343 
605 


11.6 
.6 
1.7 

1.7 
3.2 
2.7 
2.7 
3.9 
24.2 
16.8 
11.2 
19.7 


913 

648 

877 

291 
212 
310 
260 
269 

1,417 
978 
711 

1,239 


11.2 




6 


21.4 






8.0 








10.8 


1910. 


16 


57.1 






3.6 


February , 






2.6 






4 
13 

1 
80 
66 


2.2 
7.1 
.5 
44.0 
36.3 


3.8 




2 
3 


7.2 
10.7 


3.2 


May 


3.3 




17.4 


July 

Aupnst 


1 


3.6 


12.0 

8.8 






18 


9.9 


15.3 










12 months... . 


2,078 


100.0 


2,765 


100.0 


28 


100.0 


182 


100.0 


3,072 


100.0 


8,125 


100.0 


SHEEP. 

1909. 


1,653 
1,075 
1,825 

3,164 

1,108 

145 

1,183 

107 

617 

767 

4,135 

1,129 


9.8 
6.4 
10.8 

18.7 

6.5 

.9 

7.0 

6 

3.6 

4.5 

24.5 

6.7 


4,713 
1,634 
3,186 

1,725 
2,670 
2,627 
2,952 
9,307 

10, 394 
5,808 
4,872 

10, 002 


7.9 
2.7 
5.3 

2.9 
4.5 
4.4 
4.9 
15.5 
17.4 
9.7 
8.1 
16.7 






909 
507 
364 


29.3 
16.3 
11.7 


9,293 
4,452 
2,409 

3,470 
2,111 
2,083 
2,554 
8,685 
9,926 
6,945 
10, 247 
10, 594 


12.8 
6.1 
3.3 

4.8 
2.9 
2.9 
3.5 
11.9 
13.6 
9.5 
14.1 
14.6 


16, 568 
7,673 

7,784 

8,359 
5,889 
4,989 
6,689 
18, 161 
21,428 
13, 520 
19,452 
22,321 


10.8 




5 


3.1 


5.0 




5.1 


1910. 
.January 






5.5 










3.9 








134 


4.3 


3.3 








4.4 


May 


2 

153 


1.3 

95.6 


60 
338 


1.9 
10.9 


11.9 


June 


14.0 


July 


8.8 








198 
596 


6.4 
19.2 


12.7 








14.6 










12 months 


16,908 100.0 


59, 890 


100.0 


160 


100.0 


3,106 1 100.0 


72, 709 


100.0 


152,833 


100.0 



a Compiled from the First Annual Report of the Portland Union Stock Yards Co. 



26 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 14. — Monthly shipments of live stock from Union Stockyards, Portland, dur- 
ing the year ending Sept. 30, 1910, by routes — Continued. 





Route. 




By rail. 


By boats. Driven out. 


Tot£ 




Kind and month. 


East. 


North and 
west. 


South. 


il. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


HOGS. 

1909. 
October 


5,784 
6,749 
6,732 

2,849 
1,055 
624 
226 
543 
516 
401 
577 
326 


21.9 
25.6 
25.5 

10.8 
4.0 
2.4 
.8 
2.1 
2.0 
1.5 
2.2 
1.2 


6,158 
5,211 
2,962 

3,000 
1,114 
1,116 
1,041 
1,791 
1,804 
2,131 
1,988 
3,615 


19.3 
16.3 
9.3 

9.4 
3.5 
3.5 
3.3 
5.6 
5.6 
6.7 
6.2 
11.3 


152 


10.2 


585 
339 
495 

162 
594 
240 
237 
239 
201 
206 
111 
303 


15.8 
9.1 
13.3 

4.4 
16.0 
6.5 
6.4 
6.4 
5.4 
5.5 
3.0 
8.2 


175 
173 
221 

347 
190 
2,287 
3,695 
5, 256 
6,982 
3,275 
3,779 
5,005 


.6 
.6 
.7 

1.1 
.6 

7.3 
11.8 
16.7 
22.2 
10.4 
12.0 
16.0 


12,854 
12, 472 
10, 937 

6, 358 
3,107 
4, 267 
5,286 
7,980 
9,685 
6, 013 
6, 604 
9,343 


13.5 
13.1 




527 


35.2 


11.5 


1910. 
January 


6.7 


154 


10.3 


3.3 


March 


4.5 


April 


87 
151 

182 


5.8 
10.1 
12.2 


5.6 


May 


8.4 




10.2 


July 


6.3 


August . . 


149 
94 


9.9 
6.3 


7.0 


September 


9.9 






12 months 


26,382 


100.0 


31,931 


100.0 


1,496 


100.0 


3,712 


100.0 


31,385 


100.0 


94,906 


100.0 


HORSES AND MULES. 

1909. 
October 






16 
131 
59 

19 

161 

151 

5 

50 

123 

93 

47 

18 


1.8 
15.0 

6.8 

2.1 

18.4 
17.3 
.6 
5.7 
14.1 
10.7 
5.4 
2.1 


1 


.3 






83 

46 


14.9 
8.3 


100 
254 
149 

90 
230 
207 

38 
152 
213 
325 

70 

81 


5.2 


November 


77 
15 

27 


44.0 
8.6 

15.4 






13.3 


December 


75 

27 
21 

18 
4 

77 


24.6 

8.9 
6.9 
5.9 
1.3 
25.2 






7.8 


1910. 
January 






17 
48 
34 
29 

3 

64 

205 

23 

4 


3.1 

8.6 

6.1 

5.2 

.6 

11.5 

36.9 

4.1 

.7 


4.7 


February 






12.0 


March 


4 


2.3 






10.9 


April 






2.0 


May 


22 
26 


12.6 
14.8 






8.0 


June 






11.2 


July 


27 


8.9 






17.0 


August 










3.7 


September . . 


4 


2.3 


55 


18.0 






4.2 










12 months 


175 


100.0 


873 


100.0 


305 


100.0 






556 


100.0 


1,909 


100.0 


ALL LIVE STOCK. 

1909. 
October 


Cars. 
134 
135 
122 

85 
53 
50 
30 
32 
39 
16 
71 
27 


Per 

cent. 
16.9 
17.0 
15.4 

10.7 
6.7 
6.3 
3.8 
4.0 
4.9 
2.0 
8.9 
3.4 


Cars. 
181 
158 
151 

211 
158 
134 
105 
166 
208 
153 
139 
198 


Per 

cent. 
9.2 
8.0 

7.7 

10.7 
8.1 
6.8 
5.4 
8.5 

10.6 
7.8 
7.1 

10.1 


Cars. 
2 
2 
14 

22 
14 
7 
10 
14 
9 
7 

10 
13 


Per 

cent. 

1.6 

1.6 

11.3 

17.7 

11.3 
6.6 
8.1 

11.3 
7.3 
5.6 
8.1 

10.5 










Cars. 
317 
295 

287 

318 
225 
191 
145 
212 
256 
176 
220 
238 


Per 

cent. 
11.0 


November . . . 










10.3 


December 










10.0 


1910. 
January 










11.0 


February 










7.8 


March. . . 










6.6 


April 










5.0 


May 










7.4 


June 










8.9 


July 










6.1 


August 










7.6 


September 










8.3 














12 months 


794 


100.0 


1,962 


100.0 


124 


100.0 










2,880 


100.0 















IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



27 



FOREIGN TRADE. 



CLASSES OF EXPORTS. 

For 15 or 20 years after the discovery of gold in California the 
exports from the Pacific coast customs districts consisted chiefly of 
precious metals; in 1856-1860 gold and silver coin and bulUon formed 
73 per cent of the total domestic exports, but, beginning with 1867- 
1870, the value of the domestic merchandise constituted more than 
one-half of the total domestic exports, and in 1906-1910 it reached 
87 per cent of the total. The largest exports of gold and silver during 
the period shown in Table 15 were $14,000,000 a year in 1867-1870; 
in 1906-1910 the average was nearly $13,000,000.' Throughout this 
bulletin figures applying to the entire group of ''Pacific ports" 
include Alaska, since its annexation, and Hawaii, since 1899. 

On the other hand, the value of exports of domestic commodities 
other than gold and silver increased from $3,000,000 a year in 1856- 
1860 to $85,000,000 in 1906-1910. Of these commodities grain and 
grain products formed more than half from 1871, or earlier, to 1900, 
inclusive. The increase in the value of other domestic commodities 
exported, however, was so large that in subsequent years grain and 
grain products constituted a small proportion of the total exports. 
In 1906-1910 grain and grain products formed 33 per cent of the 
exports of all domestic merchandise; packing-house products and 
live meat animals, 3 per cent; and other merchandise 64 per cent. 
In 1871-1875 grain and grain products constituted 72 per cent of the 
total exports of domestic merchandise; packing-house and live meat 
animals, 1 per cent; and all other merchandise 27 per cent. (Table 16.) 

Table 15. — Value of gold and silver and of domestic merchandise exported through 
Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1856-1910.O' 

[All values are gold.] 



Year ending June 30— 


Gold and silver coin 
and bullion. 


Merchandise 
(domestic). 


Total 
domestic 
exports. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Average: 

1856-1860 . . 


$8,068,768 
12,430,284 
14,428,575 
10,839,658 
9,208,315 
5,516,294 
8,812,635 
4,821,723 
6,516,860 
7,084,440 
12,983,022 


73.3 
65.6 
45.0 
34.1 
22.4 
10.0 
17.5 
10.0 
9.8 
8.1 
13.2 


82.932,389 
6,532,058 
13.076,091 
20,917,427 
32,638,973 
49,560,219 
41,666,560 
43,432,007 
59,968,717 
79,866,439 
85,385,869 


26.7 
34.4 
55.0 
65.9 

77.6 
90.0 
82.5 
90.0 
90.2 
91.9 
86.8 


Sll,001,157 
18,962,342 
27,504,666 


1861-1865 


1867-1870 


1871-1875 


1876-1880 

1881-1885 


41,847,288 
55,076,513 


1886-1890 


1891-1895 

1896-1900 


48,253,730 
66,485,577 
86.950,879 
98,368,891 


1901-1905 


1906-1910 





a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Not 
including Alaska and Hawaii prior to annexation. 



28 



M.-IRKETING GEAlN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 16. — Value of domestic grain and grain products, packing-house products, and 
live meat animals exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 
1871-1910a 

[All values are gold.] 





Grain and grain 
products. 


Packing-house 
products. 


Live meat 
animals. 


Other 
merchandise. 


Total 


Year ending 
June so- 


Value. 


Per 

cent 

of 

total. 


Value. 


Per 

cent 

of 

total. 


Value. 


Per 

cent 

of 

total. 


Value. 


Per 
cent 

of 
total. 


domestic 
merchan- 
dise. 


Average: 

1871-1875.... 
1876-1880.... 

1881-1885 

1886-1890 

1891-1895.... 
1896-1900.... 
1901-1905.... 
1906-1910 


$14,968,923 
22,630,810 
35,231,318 
28,122,015 
29,067,572 
30.056.823 
31,188,212 
28,440,017 


71.6 
69.4 
71.1 
67.5 
68.3 
50.1 
39.1 
33.3 


$105,584 
443,481 
454,044 
448,181 
676,404 
866,888 
1,620,306 
2,062,689 


0.8 
1.4 
.9 
1.1 
1.6 
1.4 
2.0 
2.4 


$109,577 
93,450 
153,073 
225,743 
119,505 
123,140 
200,882 
233,369 


0.5 
.3 
.3 
.5 
.3 
.2 
.3 
.3 


$5,673,343 
9,465,232 
13,721,784 
12,870,621 
12,968,526 
28,921,866 
46,850.979 
54, 649, 794 


27.1 
28.9 
27.7 
30.9 
29.8 
48. 3 
58. 6 
64.0 


$20,917,427 
32,638,973 
49,560,219 
4 1,666.. 560 
43.432,007 
.59.908,717 
79,806,439 
85,385,869 



a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 
including Hawaii prior to annexation. 



Not 



THE BEGINNING OF A WHEAT SURPLUS. 

Wheat growing in California developed with the large increase of 
population which followed the discovery of gold. During the first 
few years of the rush to the gold fields food supplies, including flour, 
were brought long distances. The year 1853 recorded the last exten- 
sive imports of wheat and flour. It is said that 81,322 sacks of 
wheat, of about 100 pounds average weight, and 99,600,000 pounds 
of flour were imported in that year. 

California soon became self-supporting as a wheat grower and had 
a surplus for export. According to the census, the crop of 1849 was 
17,328 bushels; that of 1859, 5,928,470 bushels; 10 years ater the 
census reported a production of nearly 17,000,000 bushels. As early 
as 1856, according to official figures, about 33,000 bushels of wheat 
and 115,000 barrels of flour were exported. From unofficial sources 
it is learned that in 1855 the exports of wheat was nearly four times 
that amount, and the flour was 50 per cent greater. An early sliip- 
ment to New York was by the clipper sliip Adelaide, which arrived 
at its destination October 14, 1855. The cargo included 10,801 sacks 
of wheat; 406 barrels, 422 sacks, and 128 casks of flour; 10,054 sacks 
of barley; and 134 bags and 402 bales of wool; 92 bales of sheepskins; 
92 hides; 227 bales of rags, and 100 boxes of tea.'^ 

During the fiscal years 1861-1865 the exports of wheat (including 
flour reduced to terms of grain) from Pacific coast ports, cliiefly San 
Francisco, increased to an annual average of 2,000,000 bushels, and 
in 1867-1870 (no data are available for 1866) to 7,500,000 bushels. 
Exports of barley from Pacific coast ports were of small importance 

a Alta California, November 15, 1855. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



29 



even as late as 1870 when 255,000 bushels were shipped to foreign 
countries from Pacific ports of the United States. (Table 17.) 

Table 17. — Exports of domestic wheat, wheat flour, and barley through Pacific ports, 

including Alaska, 1856-1870.O' 



Year ending June 30 — 



1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 

1861 

1862 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 

Average: 
1856-1860 
1861-1865 
1867-1870 



Wheat. 



Bushels. Value 



33.158 

35, 932 

6,929 

9 

948, 220 

2,380,007 

1,540,070 

1,777,267 

1,793,766 

55,809 

(6) 
4.891,622 
5,552,450 
5,589,747 
7,964,822 



204,850 
1,509,384 
5,999,660 



836,818 

64,683 

12,637 

11 

449,057 

2,551,210 

1,696,612 

1,957,710 

1,707,946 

112,767 

(6) 

5,403,002 

7,550,630 

6, 290, 608 

8, 245, 090 



112,641 
1,605,249 
6,872,332 



Wheat flour. 



Bushels. Value 



115, 

43, 

8, 

25, 

60, 

199, 

103, 

151, 

171, 

56, 

(6) 

295, 

294, 

415, 

361, 



50,603 
136, 506 
341,836 



$1,075,574 
379,687 
97,203 
269,636 
395, 373 
1,052,430 
614,061 
856,886 
911,059 
514,860 

(«-) 
1,632,534 
1,861,602 
2,209,796 
1,743,832 



443,495 

789,859 

1,861,941 



Barley. 



Bushels. Value 



C) 



9,809 

55,440 

255,312 



80, 140 



(fi) 



$10,977 
45,385 
140,140 



49, 126 



a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 
including Alaska prior to annexation. 
b No data. 



Not 



GENERAL TREND OF EXPORTS OF WHEAT AND BARLEY. 

The total exports of wheat, including flour, from Pacific ports of 
the United States increased from 13,000,000 bushels in 1871-1875 to 
29,000,000 bushels in 1906-1910. Throughout the 40 years covered 
by Table 18, from over one-fourth to less than one-fifth of the total 
exports of these articles from the United States were from the west- 
ern coast. In 1871-1875 about 22 per cent of the wheat and flour 
exported from the United States went through Pacific ports and 
in 1906-1910, 24 per cent. The exports of barley from the Pacific 
coast increased from 232,000 bushels in 1871-1875 to 573,000 in 
1881-1885, to 2,526,000 in 1891-1895, and to 4,734,000 in 1906-1910. 
Exports of barley have been irregular. In 1871-1875 the Pacific 
coast handled 88 per cent of the total exports of barley, including 
malt; in the next five years, only 27 per cent; in 1881-1885, 96 per 
cent; in 1896-1900 the figure dropped to 45 per cent, but was raised 
in 1901-1905 to 81 per cent of the exports from aU United States 
ports. 



30 



MARKETIISTG GEAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 18. — Exports of domestic wheat and barley from the United States and through 
Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910.f- 





Wheat, including wheat flour.6 


Barley, including malt.c 


Year ending June 30— 


United 

States. 


Pacific ports. 


United 
States. 


Pacific ports. 




Amount. 


Per cent 
of ITnited 

States. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
of United 

States. 


Average: 

1871-1875 


Bushels. 

61,601,560 
110,948,586 
140,025,953 
113,205,463 
166,571,122 
179,518,025 
163,701,742 
121,797,177 


Bushels. 
13,265,524 
19,658,061 
36,369,837 
32,094,672 
36,052,217 
36,567,384 
37,312,285 
29,172,327 


Per cent. 
21.5 
17.7 
26.0 
28.4 
21.6 
20.4 
22.8 
24.0 


Bushels. 

264, 182 
1,455,005 

598,380 
1,055,790 
2,821,946 
13,274,640 
9,365,472 
8,576,531 


Bushels. 

231,618 

395, 196 

573,473 

942,947 

2, 525, 921 

5,975.420 

7,558,898 

4,734,124 


Per cent. 

87.7 


1876-1880 


27 2 


1881-1885 


95.8 


1886-1890 


89.3 


1891-1895 


89 5 


1896-1900 


45.0 


1901-1905 


80.7 


1906-1910 


55 2 






1906 


97,609,007 
146,700,425 
163,043,669 
114,268,468 

87.364,318 


30,566,5.53 
35,308,310 
42,489,081 
19,173,283 
18,324,408 


31.3 
24.1 
26.1 
16.8 
21.0 


18,530,745 
8,615,674 
4,553,615 

6,728,784 
4,453,836 


2,872,520 
6,692,851 
4,007,531 
6,168,248 
3,929,468 


15.5 


1907 


77.7 


1908 


88.0 


1909 


91.7 


1910 


88.2 



a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Not 
including Alaska and Hawaii prior to annexation. 

b Flour reduced to terms of wheat by assuming 1 barrel of flour to be the product of 5 bushels of wheat 
prior to 1880, and 4t bushels of wheat in 1880 and subsequent years. 

c Malt reduced to terms of barley by assuming 1.1 bushels of malt to be the product of 1 bushel of barley. 

LEADING ARTICLES AND PORTS COMPARED. 



The value of the leading agricultural exports from each leading 
Pacific port and each group of smaller ones, including Alaska and 
Hawaii, is shown in Table 19. An examination of this table will 
disclose the relative importance of the different ports in their exports 
of these products. A noteworthy feature of this statement is the 
great increase in exports of raw cotton from San Francisco, Port- 
land, and Puget Sound. 

The decline of San Francisco and the growth of Portland and 
Puget Sound as wheat ports appear in Table 20. Barley exports 
from San Francisco, however, increased from a yearly average of 
200,000 bushels in 1871-1875 to 4,000,000 bushels in 1906-1910. 

Table 19. — Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise 
exported from the Pacific port^, including Alaska and Haivaii, 1871-1910, by customs 
districts.^- 

[All values are gold.] 



Customs district and article. 


Average for years ending June 30— 


1871-1880 


1881-1890 


1891-1900 


1901-1905 


1906-1910 


San Francisco. 

Grain and grain products: 

Barley 


8194,916 

32, 659 

26,982 

5,165 

13,208,149 


8426, 661 

38,799 

47, 581 

14,200 

20,416,983 


81, 899, 406 
87,839 
32, 256 
46,851 

12,089,730 


83,115,653 

65,261 

28,017 

83,921 

5, 599, 990 


$2,642,864 


Com 


13,638 


Oats 


1,241 


Rve 


553 


Wheat 


281,621 



a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 
Including Alaska and Hawaii prior to annexation. 



Not 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



31 



rr.«TF iq —Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise 
^S^or^!d thJou^h %aSjic porl, inch^i^g Alaska and Ilawau, 1811-1910, by customs 
districts — Continued. 



Customs district and article. 



Average for years ending June 30— 



San i^rancisco— Continued. 

Grain and grain products— Continued. 
Other small grain and pulse. . . . . 
Bran, middlings, and mill feed. . . . 

Bread and biscuit - 

Breadstull preparations, other... . 

Malt 

Corn meal 

Oatmeal 

Rye flour 

Wheat flour • ■ - 

Other grain and gram products.... 

Total grain and grain products. . 

Other important farm products: 

Cotton 

Fruit 

Ginseng 

Hay 

Milk - 

Pacliing-house products 

Timber and lumber 

All other merchandise 



1871-1880 



63 

53, 268 

29,532 

5,753 

1,659 



60 
2,303,861 



1881-1890 



817,726 

4,579 

105, 121 

119,967 

32,748 

617 

2,660 

18 

4,368,335 



1891-1900 



$41,082 

105,250 

175, 185 

68, 218 



1,164 



1901-1905 



1906-1910 



$4,014 
54,378 
136, 653 
84,077 
461 



3, 805, 809 
35, 305 



Total merchandise. 



Willamette (Portland). 



Grain and grain products: 

Barley 

Buckwheat 

Corn 

Oats 

Rye 

Wheat. . . ., - • • ■ - 

Other small grain and pulse. . . — 

Bran, middlings, and mill feed 

Bread and biscuit - 

BreadstuS preparations, other 

Malt 

Corn meal 

Oatmeal 

Rye flour 

Wheat flour ;■■;■• 

All other grain and gram products. 

Total grain and grain products. . 

Other important farm products: 

Cotton 

Fruit 

Ginseng 

Hay 

Milk 

Packing-house products 

Timber and lumber 

All other merchandise 



15,896,947 



981 

129, 749 

364, 836 

15,978 

20, 599 

266,574 

370,951 

5,788,929 



25,595,995 



928 

488,817 

674, 479 

70, 634 

36, 847 

385,515 

542,059 

8, 845, 383 



18,388,095 



844,839 

1,340,010 

606, 794 

110,728 

67,971 

577,316 

564, 842 

11,315,213 



3, 144, 584 
33,080 



12,350,094 



2,567,867 
2, 429, 775 
616,204 
59, 375 
255,929 
898,674 
900,664 
16,860,026 



$2, 312 

28, 188 

172,322 

40,653 

403 

679 

7 

1,274,202 

3,522 




2,715 



1,666,696 
12 



2,203 
1,098 



122 



299 
3,690,621 



897 
2,456 



2 

408,015 



2,080,802 



3,624 

'"'lis 



63,036 



111 
5,906 



4,945,741 



443 

1,373 

7,667 

40 

404 



4, 462, 195 



3,619,380 
2,974,515 
684,906 
66,072 
213,001 
987,668 
816, 457 
18,378,916 



461,007 



110,172 

826 

5,148,510 



1,403,883 



1,631,343 
72 



4,498,312 



2,724 



Total merchandise . 



Puget Sound. 



Grain and grain products: 

Bailey 

Buckwheat 

Com 

Oats 

Rye 

Wheat 

Other small grain and pulse 

Bran, middlings, and mill feed. 

Bread and biscuit 

Preadstufl preparations, other . 



13,898 
9,244 

74,889 



2, 182, 584 



1,580 



5,825 

1 

2,918 

4,281 



2 

26 

2,730 

13, 256 

29,997 



4,547,047 



1,726 



6,656,140 



26, 232 
3,966 



126 

49 

3,493 

60, 428 

95, 850 



1,928 

210 

8,211 

740 

1 

10 



319,825 

257 

4 

25 

'6,'58i,'492 



33 

1,312 

395 

1,227 

3 

161 



2, 518, 162 
24 



8, 249, 801 



393,056 
12, 347 



226 
156 



80 

8,301 

3 

457,608 

338 

174 

4,440 

20,636 



6, 846, 284 



4,087 

8 

7,255 

41,765 

284 

2,947,194 



20, 956 
4,087 
42,686 



58, 453 
1,012 

23,289 
515,114 
528, 292 



9,781,364 



290,787 

315 

15, 503 

391,319 

448 

4, 576, 452 



2,917,476 



9,822,216 



85,912 

2,854 



116 

4,020 

8,049 

1,260,912 

297, 698 



11,481,777 



96,254 

166 

61,569 

268, 476 

862 

6,625,090 



80, 607 
3,059 
34, 888 



51,481 
3,337 
24,595 



a "All other" Pacific ports. 



32 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 19. 

ex_ 
districts 



JLE 19. — Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise 
cported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910, by customs 
Continued. 



Customs district and article. 


Average for years ending June 30— 


1871-1880 


1881-1890 


1891-1900 


1901-1905 


1906-1910 


Puget SoMnd— Continued. 

Grain and grain products— Continued. 
Distillers' and brewers' grains and 
malt sprouts 








$327 

16, 323 

3,250 

743 

566 

4,989,014 

1,757 


$47 


Malt 




«9 
137 
302 

22 
136,112 


$3,527 

1,031 

37 

256 

1,359,779 

4,501 


14, 450 
4 555 


Corn meal 


$12 


Oatmeal 


1 046 


Rve flour 




770 


Wheat flour 


40,694 


6, 946, 605 
4,209 


All other grain and grain products 










Total grain and grain products 


55, 693 


629,888 


4, 437, 453 


10, 405, 358 


14,103,512 


Other important farm products: 
Cotton 




3 

10,486 


1,016,478 

71,199 

12,400 

41,507 

50, 631 

177,691 

1,307,535 

2,576,197 


4, 808, 379 

200,433 

5,281 

246, 219 

203, 939 

575,903 

2, 606, 682 

11,455,276 


5,164,377 

494, 987 

439 


Fruit 


1,716 


Ginseng 


Hav 


3,588 


1,860 
1,351 

57,798 
885,921 
410, 583 


244 503 


Milk 


321 106 


Packing-house products 


8,120 
282, 316 
140, 151 


940, 736 
3,612,400 
13 444 515 


Timber and lumber 


All other merchandise 






Total merchandise 


491, 584 


1,997,890 


9,691,001 


30, 507, 470 


38,326,575 




Los Angeles,a San Diego, and Humboldt. 

Grain and grain products: 

Barley 


2,096 
6,375 


1,358 

917 

90 

2 

161,045 

65 


44, 028 

772 

125 

4 

106, 800 


26, 364 

698 

83 

11 

6,878 


1,577 


Corn 


253 




98 


Rve 




7 




16, 192 
51 


3,708 


Other small grain and pulse. . 






330 

1,042 

553 

6 

28 

171 

1 

6,741 

88 


204 
1,900 

620 
59 
53 

169 


182 


Bread and biscuit 


43 
2 


218 
537 


2,151 


Breadstuff preparations, other 

Malt 


1,664 


Corn meal 


8 


110 

97 

1 

2,151 


102 


Oatmeal 


173 


Rye flour 






Wlieat flour 


644 


2,553 
19 


5,089 
13,263 


All other grain and grain products 










Total grain and grain products 


25,411 


166,591 


160, 689 


39,611 


28,267 


Other important fai'm products: 
Cotton 






299, 588 

2, 3S7 

4, 048 

583 

10, 620 

159,270 

175, 826 


113,161 

3,363 

7,023 

1,103 

13,577 

357, 790 

195, 395 




Fruit 


10 
13 


3,785 

1,575 

327 

3, 692 

122,242 

149,067 


15, 856 


Hay 


11,527 




3,562 


Packing-house products. . 


18 

125 

36,884 


21,654 




933,295 


All other merchandise 


565,000 






Total merchandise 


62,461 


447,279 


813,011 


731,023 


1,579,161 






Yaquina and Southern Oregon. 
Grain and grain products: 




6 




2,514 




Oats . . . 


124 

623, 671 

29 

148 

1 

2 

115,424 






Wheat . 


624,805 
29 


193,684 


33, 456 


















2 
















Wheat floiu-. 


160, 601 


23, 544 


5,539 








Total grain and grain products 


739,399 


785, 443 


217,228 


41,509 







o Given under "Wilmington, Cal.," prior to 1902. 
" Los Angeles." 



From that date Wilmington was included under 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



88 



Table 19. — Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise 
exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910, by customs 
districts — Continued . 



Customs district and article. 




Average for years endin 


g June 30— 




1871-1880 


1881-1890 


1891-1900 


1901-1905 


1906-1910 


YaquiJia and Southern Oregon — Continued. 

Other important farm products: 

Fruit 


$440 

24 

12, 156 

13,406 

392, 449 


$776 


$47 


$8 




Hay 






19 

23, 336 

1, 149, 668 


75 

40, 160 

205,514 








50, 477 
7,300 


$189,576 
4,185 


'Vll otlier merchandise 




Total merchandise 


1,157,874 


1,959,242 


463, 024 


99,294 


193, 761 






Alaska and Hawaii. 
Grain and grain products: 


817 


24 


213 

47 

336 

4 


147 

424 

26,922 

394 


55 




148 


Oats 


2 


1 
5 


7,313 


Wheat 


38 


Other small giain and pulse 


260 








92 
100 
364 


1,638 

2,831 

21,730 

1,509 


130 




14 
112 


7 
9 


2,180 
1,369 




Malt 


2,234 


Distillers' and brewers' grains and 


^ 






48 




40 


1 


14 
6 


998 

461 

64 

43,909 

754 


316 




291 








48 




3,372 


388 


1,271 
145 


9,566 


All other grain and grain products 


91 










Total grain and gi-ain products 


4,617 


435 


2,592 


101,841 


23,827 


Other important farm products: 

Fruit 


1,067 


31 


1,457 

298 

841 

2,451 

2,542 

60,964 


71,426 
142,990 

31, 888 
108,923 

13,136 
1,338,470 


53, 665 


Hay 


73, 089 


Milk 


150 

3,766 

89 

18, 464 


38 
1,358 


5,613 


Packing-house products. . . 


104, 582 


Timber and lumber 


23, 790 




19,412 


1,316,919 






Total merchandise 


28, 153 


21,274 


71, 145 


1,808,680 


1,601,485 






Total Pacific ports. 
Grain and grain products: 


199, 430 


429, 897 


2,010,770 

8 

96,024 

80,388 

47, 139 

20, 283, 153 


3,896,472 

315 

81,886 

556, 513 

85,206 

15,365,680 


3,060,565 
423 




Corn 


39,034 

35,648 

5,166 

15,517,626 

39,513 

63 

55,902 

30,901 


39, 796 

56,272 

14, 205 

24,751,067 

18, 158 

4,753 

110,683 

143,607 


75, 612 


Oats 


277, 153 


Rye.. 


1,422 




13,491,949 


Other small giain and pulse 


Bran, middlings, and mill feed 

Bread and biscuit. ... 


62, 903 
111,852 
226, 455 


88,391 

62, 378 

202, 102 

327 

102,768 

4,763 

1,383 

635 

10, 703, 761 

35, 634 


54, 138 
37, 168 


Breadstuff preparations, other 

Distillers' and brewers' giains and 
malt sprouts 


200,345 
95 


Malt 


5,753 
1,761 


32, 757 

876 

3,082 

41 

6,071,470 


71,791 

1,477 

1,378 

261 

6,828,487 

40, 111 


58, 564 


Corn meal 


5,379 


Oatmeal 


2,350 




62 
2,872,010 


825 


Wheat flour 


11,152,938 


Other grain and grain products 


21,091 










Total grain and grain products 


18,802,869 


31,676,664 


29,862,197 


31,188,214 


28,440,017 


Other important farm products: 

Cotton 


981 

136,606 

364,836 

19, 721 

20, 758 

304, 532 

676, 131 

6,451,766 


931 

506,619 

674, 479 

74,071 

38, 589 

451,112 

1,586,814 

10,604,110 


2,187,137 

1, 419, 066 

619,194 

156, 707 

120,075 

771,646 

2, 134, 777 

14, 429, 564 


7,882,463 

2,717,352 

621,485 

514,066 

493, 871 

1,620,366 

4, 443, 863 

30,384,759 


8,869,669 
3,541,877 


Fruit 




685, 345 


Hay 


395,307 

547, 302 

2, 062, 689 


Milk ... 




Timber qnri Inmbpr, 


6, 836, 430 


All other merchandise 


34,007,233 




Total merchandise 


26,778,200 


45,613,389 


51,700,363 


79,866,439 


85, 385, 869 






99072°— Bull. 89—11 3 













34 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 20. — Quantity of domestic wheat, wheat flour, barley, and malt exported through 
Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910.(^ 



Article, and year ending June 30 — 



Wheat. 



1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 



Average: 

1871-1875. 
1876-1880. 
1881-1885. 
1886-1890. 
1891-1895. 
1896-1900. 
1901-1905. 
1906-1910. 



Wheat flour. 



1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 



Customs district. 



San Fran- 



Bushels. 

5, 903, 427 

2, 263, 085 

15,996,162 

11,514,578 

14,469,958 

9,693,231 

16, 840, 184 

6,627,337 

16, 723, 302 

17,801.700 

22, 029, 331 

36, 169, 497 

24, 319, 830 

18, 729, 733 

26,871,453 

19,044,030 

19,374,520 

14, 546, 335 

22, 658, 730 

22,824,416 

23, 232, 719 

21,324,631 

17, 620, 762 

15, 023, 191 

15,993,717 

17,031.613 

16, 460. 629 

16,178,521 

3,794,890 

10, 702, 902 

1?, 262,' 796 

16,017,169 

8, 549, 954 

1, 774, 431 

1,315,477 

413, 963 

413,329 

716, 452 

23,049 

42,291 



10, 029, 442 
13,537,151 
25, 623, 969 
19, 689. 606 
18, 639, 004 
12, a33, 711 
8, 183, 965 
321,817 



Barrels. 

198, 223 

267,083 

257, 765 

598, 240 

452, 984 

424, 928 

501.653 

423, 551 

528. 105 

467, 170 

650, 758 

849, 452 

1,068,339 

1, 234, 745 

1,298,043 

1,012,219 

942, 406 

821,384 

836, 645 

1,139,863 



Willamette 
(Portland). 



Bushels. 
275.661 
281.326 
711,762 
1,289,282 
1.326,979 
1,785,777 
1,820,475 
2,699,015 
2,069.919 
2, 773, 195 
2,012,085 
4, 734, .565 
2, 230, 674 
2,871,670 
4.678.296 
6,037.165 
4, 707, 244 
4, 706, 730 
3. 472, 589 
2, 435, 298 
4, 172, 768 
5, 072, 005 
5, 004, 202 
5,620,704 
8,989,443 
5, 494, 297 
6,154,970 

13. 224. 043 
9, 945, 183 
8, 955. 544 

13, 044. 008 

12, 554, 151 
8, 657, 931 
3. 476, 453 
1,474,147 
5, 658, 103 
7, 198, 844 

13,411,581 
6,350,033 
5, 770, 319 



777, 002 
2,229,676 
3. 305, 458 
4, 271, 805 
5,771,824 
8, 754, 807 
7, 841, 338 
7, 677, 776 



Puget 
Sound. 



44 

381 

1,260 

4,115 

5,323 

4,178 

5,346 

6,959 

1,472 

3,857 

76,833 

308,628 

87, 202 

19, 049 

272, 885 

9,263 

839, 392 

2, 297, 446 

1,735,931 

3,674,736 

4, 187, 229 

3, 783, 781 

4,211,722 

4, 002, 015 

2, 738, 629 

2,456,931 

8,023,915 

5, 409, 017 

3, 566, 719 

8.619.384 

13,854.145 

8, 928, 909 

1,725,073 

1,246.616 

8, 352, 911 

6,012,732 

14, 706, 237 

4, 6.30, 174 

4, 856, 691 



1.160 
4.655 
99, 114 
1,030,983 
3,971,897 
4, 439, 042 
6, 874. 825 
7, 711, 749 



Barrels. 

20, 265 

21,592 

41, 366 

66, 259 

109, 994 

82, 631 

94. 862 

47,544 

182, 269 

146, 828 

309,043 

380, 048 

296, 036 

331,894 

188. 210 

316, 568 

410,547 

361,035 

491,711 

387,9,30 



Barrels. 

598 

1,109 

700 

4.685 

9.966 

10.667 

14, 243 

12,658 

9.419 

5.140 

6.538 

19, 250 

30, 533 

29,948 

43,444 

44, 461 

31,863 

66,036 

20, 345 

38, 167 



Other. 



Bushels. 
87, 030 
74, 635 
170, 828 
391,555 
877, 525 

1,104,680 
701,134 
972, J'Ol 
794, 096 
690, 047 
658, 501 

2, 023. 591 

854. 187 
1,077,593 

828, 249 
720, 382 
766. 282 
647,215 
1,039,955 
461,263 
793, 159 
984, 286 
217. 349 
385, 487 
155,641 
340, 355 
45, 462 

787. 188 
52,017 
23,145 
17,113 

1.55,699 

105, 429 

40, 241 

1,321 

12, 582 

47 

339 

57 

5.170 



320, 315 
852, 552 
1, 088, 424 
727, 020 
507, 184 
249, 634 
63, 961 
3,639 



Barrels. 
5,058 



2,415 
35, 791 
43,512 
39, 530 
42, 160 

4,158 
33. 641 
27,537 
10, 427 
124, 348 
48. 959 
25, 166 

2,454 
23,187 
17, 889 
19, 053 
63, 199 
39, 113 



Total 
Pacific. 



Bushels. 
6,266,118 
2,619,090 
16,879,133 
13,196,675 
16,678.577 
12,589,011 
19,365,971 
10, 304, 499 
19, 594, 276 
21,266,414 
24, 703, 774 
43,004,486 
27,713.319 
22, 766, 198 
32. 397, 047 
26, 074. 462 
24.857,309 
20,739,672 
29, 468, 720 
27, 456, 908 
31,873.382 
31,. 568, 151 
26.626.094 
25.241,104 
29,140.816 
25, 604, 894 
25,117,992 
38, 213, 667 
19,201.107 
23, 248. 310 
34, 943, 301 
42.581.164 
26, 242, 223 
7,016,198 
4, 03V, 561 
14, 437, .559 
13,624.952 
28.834,609 
11,003,313 
10.674.471 



11,127,919 
16. 624. 034 
30.116,965 
25,719,414 

25, 889, 909 

26, 277. 194 
22. 964, 089 
15,714,981 



Barrels. 

224, 144 

289. 784 

302. 246 

704.975 

616.456 

557, 756 

652,918 

487,911 

753, 434 

646,675 

976, 766 

1,373,098 

1,443.867 

1,621,753 

1,532,151 

1,396,435 

1,402,705 

1,267,508 

1,411,900 

1.605,073 



a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 
including Alaska and Hawaii prior to annexation. 



Not 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



35 



Table 20. — Quantity of domestic wheat, wheat flour, barley, and malt exported through 
Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910 — Continued. 







Customs district. 




Article, and year ending June 30— 


San Fran- 
cisco. 


Willamette 
(Portland). 


Puget 
Sound. 


Other. 


Total 
Pacific. 


Wheat ^oMr— Continued. 
1891 


Barrels. 

1,181,872 

1,056,057 

1,084,561 
784,672 
878, 701 
954,500 

1,108.502 
802, 223 
938, 153 

1,069,966 
966, 808 

1,109,599 
872, 941 
771.868 
676.636 
466, 740 
393, 220 
261.623 
205, 172 
182, 838 


Barrels. 
456,974 
.338, 226 
388, 776 
300, 585 
339,048 
560, 233 
.525. 152 
638, 172 
752, 101 
792, 416 
692, 573 
630, 131 
808,605 
917, 191 
766, 858 
1, 013, 975 
1,239.704 
858. 845 
552, 423 
217, 469 


Barrels. 

172.679 

103, 596 

174.119 

277, 173 

372, 500 

402, 489 

508. 620 

615. 155 

688, 535 

1,037,583 

1,076,932 

1,295.028 

1.986.056 

1,714,864 

1,609.173 

2,099,601 

3,182,614 

1.911.966 

1,055,952 

1,296,681 


Barrels. 

38,356 

9,229 

186 

429 

380 

353 

8,294 

342 

14,026 

16, 730 

14,912 

24, 408 

2,742 

1,840 

3,275 

3,905 

2,986 

1,893 

2,002 

2,998 


Barrels. 
1.849.881 


1892 


1.507.108 


1893 


1.647,642 


1894 


1,362,859 


1895 


1,. 590. 629 


1896 


1,917.575 


1897 


2. 150. 568 


1898 


2,055.892 


1899 


2.392.815 


1900 


2,916.695 


1901 


2,751,225 


1902 


3,059,160 


1903 . 


3,670.344 


1904 


3,405.763 


1905 


3, 055. 942 


1906 


3. 584. 221 


1907 


4.818.524 


1908 . . 


3,034,327 


1909 


1, 815, 549 


1910 


1,699,986 






1871-1875 


354, 859 
469, 081 
1.020.267 
950. 503 
997, 173 
974.669 
879, 570 
301,919 


51, 895 
110,827 
301,046 
393, 558 
364, 722 
653,615 
763,072 
776, 483 


3,412 

10, 425 

25, 943 

40, 174 

220,013 

650, 476 

1,536,411 

1,909,363 


17,355 

29,406 

42, 271 

32, 487 

9,716 

7,949 

9,435 

2,756 


427, 521 




619, 739 


1881-1885 


1,389,527 




1,416,724 


1891-1895 


1,591,624 




2, 286, 709 


1901-1905 


3, 188, 488 


1906-1910 


2,990,521 


1871 


Bushels. 

287,619 

33,010 

439,564 

306,645 

79,419 

2.56,094 

195,229 

149,944 

597,262 

712,631 

868,451 

194, &35 

413,528 

639,141 

627,757 

246,511 

1,132,764 

531,030 

1,433,307 

1,044,755 

522. 192 

2,027,789 

2,986.281 

4,631,846 

1,348,128 

4,561,805 

7,630,287 

6,244,703 

961,894 

8,220,646 

4,117,718 

7.831,832 

6.379,540 

8,0.38.808 

3,301.142 

2,196,455 

6,598,342 

2,916,250 

5,169.451 

3,326,461 


Bushels. 


Bushels. 
34 

373 

770 
5.892 
4.696 
4,869 

615 
2,350 
4,505 

945 


Bushels. 


Bushels. 
287, 653 


1872 







33,383 


1873 . ... 




440,334 


1874 


27 




312,564 




40 

35,000 

5,641 

688 

3,269 

1,564 

240 

293 

90 

11 


84,155 


1876 

1877 


18 


295,981 
201,485 


1878 


160 
42 


153,142 


1879 

1880 


605,078 
715, 140 




979 
775 


869,670 


1882 

1883 


3,473 
9, 243 
1,402 
967 
4,495 
5,602 


199, 176 
422, 861 


1884 


50 


640,604 

628,724 


1886 


140 


21 

1,872 

13,231 

5,127 

3,576 

6,565 

342 

103 

461,418 

2,785 

94, 237 

272,371 

256,863 

531 

7,117 

8,940 

33,557 

6,302 

223.525 

15,218 

2,992 

5,057 

3,211 

866 

562 


251,167 
1,140,238 


1888 




544, 261 






1,050 
60 

418 


1,439,484 


1890 




1,048,391 






529,175 


1892 




2,028,131 








2,986,384 


1894 . . . 


14,610 

142.775 

91,080 

8,501 

333 

243,914 

789,113 

690.090 

503.029 

1,107,150 

1,. 320, 969 

857,202 

314,655 


19,194 

15,180 

19,942 

5,273 

6,999 

16,493 

20,571 

121.679 

109,431 

293,250 

971,037 

1,206,348 

277,214 

3,117 

244,210 

102,968 

112,118 


5,127,068 




1 , 508, 868 


1896 


4.767,064 




7,916,4.32 


1898 


6,508,898 


1899 


1.222,832 


1900 

1901 


9.037,447 
4,938,427 


1902 


8,477,849 


1903 


7,786,242 


1904 


10,554,339 


1905 . ... 


5,379,910 


1906 


2,791,316 


1907 


6,606,516 


1908 


795, 275 
822,510 
445,940 


3,958,946 


1909 


6,095,795 


1910 


3,885,081 







36 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 20. — Quantity of domestic wheat, wheat flour, barley, and malt exported through 
Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910 — Continued. 





Customs district. 


Article, and year ending June 30— 


San Fran- 
cisco. 


Willamette 
(Portland). 


Puget 
Soimd. 


Other. 


Total 
Pacific. 


JSar/ey— Continued. 
Average: 

1871-1875 


Bushels. 

229,251 

382,232 

548,702 

877,673 

2,303,247 

5,523,867 

5,933,808 

4,041,392 


Bushels. 

5 

44 

361 

28 

31,477 

226, 588 

895, 688 

475, 676 


Bushels. 
2,353 
2,657 
3,017 
2,241 
6,958 
13,856 
540,349 
147,925 


Bushels. 

9 

9,232 

127 

4,766 

94, 243 

126,224 

57,508 

2,538 


Bushels. 
231,618 


1876-1880 


394, 165 


1881-1885 


552,207 


1886-1890 . . 


884,708 


1891-1895 


2,435,925 


1896-1900 


5,890,535 


1901-1905 


7,427.353 


1906-1910 


4,667,531 






Malt. 
1871-1879 












1880 


5,672 
8,246 
12,882 
22, 103 
38,243 
35, 493 
44,988 
41,039 
80,281 
72,299 
81,574 
95, 950 
93,244 
94,084 
82,335 
126,262 
82,669 
88,271 
81,625 
84, 746 
84,500 
141,388 
146,192 
120,635 
103, 500 
82,767 
39,023 
39,814 
46,312 
70,279 
45, 508 








5,672 


1881 








8,246 


1882 








12,882 


1883 . . . 








22, 103 


1884 








38,243 


1885 








35, 493 


1886 








44,988 


1887 








41,039 


1888 








80,281 


1889 




136 




72,435 


1890 






81,574 


1891 








95,950 


1892 


346 
153 






93,590 




2.484 
109 




96,721 


1894 


13 


82, 457 






126, 262 


1896 




118 




82,787 


1897 






88,271 


1898 




10,511 

18,144 

16,279 

15,714 

9,109 

25,025 

30, 669 

31,772 

44,020 

46, 583 

4,653 

5,048 

2, 458 


10 


92, 146 


1899 




102,890 


1900 






100,779 








157,102 


1902 




96 
231 
1,449 
8,994 
3,096 
2,411 
2,479 
4,371 
860 


155,397 






145,891 


1904 




135,618 


1905 


5,955 
3, 185 
6,161 


129,488 


1906 


89,324 


1907 


94,969 


1908 


53,444 


1909 




79,698 






48,826 








1876-1880.. 


a 5, 672 
23,393 
64,036 
98,375 
84,362 

118,896 
48,187 








a 5, 672 










23,393 


1886-1890 




27 

519 

9,010 

22, 458 

20,552 




64,063 




100 


2 

3 

2,154 

2,643 


98,996 


1896-1900 


93,375 




1,191 

1,869 


144,699 


1906-1910 


73,251 







a 1880 only. 



BRITISH IMPORTS. 



The relative importance of the Pacific coast in the British barley 
and wheat trade is indicated in Table 21. During the 13 years 
1896-1908, inclusive, 9 or 10 per cent of the barley imported into 
the United Kingdom came from the Pacific coast, while from 2 to 6 
per cent came from other ports of the United States. The impor- 
tance of the Pacific coast region as a source of England's wheat 
supply declined considerably from 1881 to 1908. In 1881-1885,21 per 
cent of the imports of wheat into the United Kingdom was from 
United States Pacific ports and in 1906 only 6 per cent. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



37 



Table 21.^ — Imports of barley, wheat, and wheat fiour into the United Kingdom from 
Pacific coast ports of the United States, compared ivith imports frorti other United 
States ports and from all sources, 1876-1908.(^ 





United States. 








» 

Article and calendar 
year. 


Pacific coast ports. 


Other United States 
ports. 


Other countries. 


Total 
bushels. 




Bushels. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Bushels. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Bushels. 


Per cent 
of total. 




Barley. 

Average: 

1892-1895 


2,407,730 
4,126,920 
5, 780, 674 
3, 976, 778 

12,519,396 
22,489,412 
19,501,626 
17, 404, 843 
16,301,936 
11,468,575 
10,404,178 

Barrels. 
257, 939 

867, 828 
724, 357 
416,662 
290, 788 
116, 733 
62,286 


4.5 
8.8 
10.1 
8.9 

12.7 
20.5 
18.7 
13.4 
13.1 
7.1 
5.9 

5.3 
10.6 
7.9 
3.8 
2.4 
1.1 
.8 


527,673 
2,971,766 

943,076 
1,875,066 

40,495,263 
31,368,896 
19, 337, 180 
35, 640, 937 
47,311,234 
33,952,299 
33,345,013 

Barrels. 
2, 192, 780 
4,713,066 
6,237,223 
8, 545, 802 
9,274,591 
7,283,125 
5,445,457 


1.0 
6.4 
1.7 
4.2 

41.2 
28.5 
IS. 5 
27.4 
38.0 
20.9 
19.1 

45.2 
57.5 
68.1 
77.5 
76.9 
71.4 
70.7 


50, 720, 853 
39, 032, 098 
50,307,273 
39,025,405 

45,352,947 
56,025,763 
65,517,476 
77, 080, 650 
60, 818, 703 
116,698,020 
131,261,017 

Barrels. 

2, 400, 912 
2,610,219 
2, 193, 695 
2, 008, 237 
2,493,114 
2, 799, 213 
2,198,452 


94.5 

84.8 
88.2 
86.9 

46.1 
51.0 

02.8 
59.2 
48.9 
72.0 
75.0 

49.5 
31.9 
24.0 

18.7 
20.7 
27.5 
28.5 


53, 656, 256 


1896-1900 


46, 730, 784 


1901-1905 


57,031,023 


1906-1908 


44,877,249 


Wheat. 

Average: 

1876-1880 


98, 367, 606 


1881-1885 


109, 884, 071 


1886-1890 

1891-1895 


104,356,282 
130,126,430 


1896-1900 


124,431,873 


1901-1905 


162,118,894 


1906-1908 


175,010,208 


Wheat flour. 

Average: 

1876-1880 


Barrels. 
4,851,631 


1881-1885 


8,191,113 


1886-1890 


9,155,275 


1891-1895 


11,030,701 


1896-1900 


12, 058, 493 


1901-1905 


10, 199, 071 


1906-1908 


7, 706, 195 



o Compiled from Annual Statements of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and 
British Possessions. Data for barley not given prior to 1892. 

SEASONAL MOVEMENT IN FOREIGN TRADE. 

Exports of barley from the Pacific coast during the period covered 
by Table 22 were made mostly during the months of September, 
October, and November; as a rule, August and December were also 
months of heavy movement. Taking an average for 1901-1909, 
inclusive, 51.5 per cent of the barley exported from this coast was 
shipped in the three fall months, and in the five months ending 
December the exports averaged 72.9 per cent of the total for the 
year. From other ports of the United States the export movement 
during these nine years did not become heavy, on an average, until 
October, and the large shipments lasted throughout February. In 
these five months 67.2 per cent of the total exports in the Atlantic, 
Gulf, and Lake regions were moved. 

Annual exports of wheat from Pacific ports during 1901-1909 were 
greatest, on an average, in the five months beginning with October, 
during which 67.6 per cent of the total exports were made. The 
heaviest movement from the other ports of the United States com- 
menced earlier in the year. During the five months beginning August 
their exports of wheat were 58.2 per cent of the year's total. 



38 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 22. — Average monthly exports of domestic barley, ivheat, and wheat flour through 
the Pacific (including Alaska and Hawaii) and other ports of the United States, 1901- 
1909. a 



Article and 
month. 



Barley. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July :.. 

August 

Septem))er 

October 

November 

December 

The year. 

Wheat. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year. 

Wheat flour. 

January , 

February 

March , 

April 

May 

June , 

July , 

August 

Septemlier 

October 

November 

December 

The year. 



Average for 1901-1909. 



Quantity exported. 



Pacific 
(including 

Alaska 

and 
Hawaii). 



Bushels. 
509, 904 
245. 653 
357, 2.58 
225, 579 
112,809 
103,616 
121,499 
650, 373 
1 , 094, 791 
1,176,029 
929,713 
677,086 



Other. 



Bushels. 

292,811 

340, 093 

2.33, 417 

160, 726 

133,643 

75, 141 

25, 042 

72, 732 

124,094 

273,1.56 

417,898 

372,919 



6,204,310 



2,734,687 

2,249,992 

1,586,576 

1,339,053 

1,008,572 

683, 139 

452, 328 

253, 209 

990, 472 

2,739,499 

2, 444, 787 

2,987.211 



19,469,525 



249,091 
260, 164 
233, 9V5 
247, 500 
245, 810 
229, 545 
189,217 
225, 536 
277,780 
348, 030 
351,876 
344,787 



3,203,311 



2,521.172 



3,881,063 
2,577,565 
2,558,014 
3,413,980 
4, 528, 680 
3.312.582 
4,323,693 
8, 828, 992 
8,271.015 
7,351,031 
5,551,973 
4, 249, 274 



58,847,862 



1,055,263 

864,931 

893. 899 

968, 266 

87S, 501 

819,357 

730,715 

832, 276 

1,056,970 

1,093,317 

1,031,832 

1,148,773 



11,374,100 



Total. 



Bushels. 

802, 715 

585, 746 

590, 675 

386,305 

246, 452 

178, 7.57 

146,541 

723, 105 

1,218.885 

1,449,185 

1,347,111 

1,050,005 



8, 725, 482 



6,615,750 
4,827,557 
4,144,590 
4,753,033 
5,537,252 
3,995,721 
4,776,021 
9, 082, 201 
9,261,487 
10,090,530 
7.996.760 
7,236,485 



78,317,387 



1,304,354 
1,125,095 
1,127,. 874 
1,215,766 
1,124,311 
1,048,902 
919,932 
1,057,812 
1.334,750 
1,^41,. 347 
1,383,708 
1,493,560 



14,577,411 



Percentage of year's 
total exported each 
month. 



Pacific 
(includ- 
ing 
Alaslca 
and Ha- 
waii). 



Per ct. 

8.2 

4.0 

5.8 

3.6 

1.8 

1.7 

2.0 

10.5 

17.6 

18.9 

15.0 

10.9 



100.0 



14.0 

11.6 

8.1 

6.9 

5.2 

3.5 

2.3 

1.3 

5.1 

14.1 

12.6 

15.3 



100.0 



7.8 

8.1 

7.3 

7.7 

7.7 

7.2 

5.9 

7.0 

8.7 

10.9 

11.0 

10.7 



100.0 



Other. 



Per ct. 

11.6 

13.5 

9.3 

6.4 

5.3 

3.0 

1.0 

2.9 

4.9 

10.8 

16.5 

14.8 



Total. 



Perct. 

9.2 

6.7 

6.8 

4.4 

2.8 

2.1 

1.7 

8.3 

14.0 

16.6 

15.4 

12.0 



100.0 



6.6 

4.4 

4.3 

5.8 

7.7 

5.6 

7.4 

1,5. 

14.1 

12.5 

9.4 

7.2 



100.0 



9.3 
7.6 
7.9 
8.5 
7.7 
7.2 
6.4 
7.3 
9.3 
9.6 
9.1 
10.1 



100.0 



8.4 

6.2 

5.3 

6.1 

7.1 

5.1 

6.1 

11.6 

11.8 

12.9 

10.2 

9.2 



100.0 



9.0 
7.7 
7.7 
8.3 
7.7 
7.2 
6.3 
7.3 
9.2 
9.9 
9.5 
10.2 



100.0 



100.0 



Percentage of month's 
total exported from 
each group of ports. 



Pacific 
(includ- 
ing 
Alaska 
and Ha- 
waii). 



Perct. 
63.5 
41.9 
60.5 
58.4 
45.8 
58.0 
82.9 
89.9 
89.8 
81.2 
69.0 
64.5 



71.1 



41.3 
46.6 
38.3 
28.2 
18.2 
17.1 
9.5 
2.8 
10.7 
27.1 
30.6 
41.3 



24.9 



19.1 
23.1 
20.7 
20.4 
21.9 
21.9 
20.6 
21.3 
20.8 
24.1 
25.4 
23.1 



22.0 



Other. 



Per ct. 
36.5 
58.1 
39.5 
41.6 
54.2 
42.0 
17.1 
10.1 
10.2 
18.8 
31.0 
35.5 



28.9 



.58.7 
53.4 
61.7 
71.8 
81.8 
82.9 
90.5 
97.2 
89.3 
72.9 
69.4 
58.7 



75.1 



80.9 
76.9 
79.3 
79.6 
78.1 
7.8.1 
79.4 
78.7 
79.2 
75.9 
74.6 
76.9 



78.0 



Total. 



Perct. 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



100.0 



100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



100.0 



100.0 
100. 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



100.0 



a Monthly bulletins of the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor, showing exports 
from "principal customs districts." These exports comprised in the calendar years 1901-1909 97.4 per 
cent of the barley, 99.1 per cent of the wheat, and 99.1 per cent of the wheat flour exported from the United 
States. 

MONTHLY MARKETINGS AND EXPORTS. 



The percentage of the wheat crop marketed each month and the 
percentage exported in three crop years are shown in Table 23. In 
the year ending June 30, 1908, the heaviest movement from the farm 
occurred during August, September, and October, wliile the heaviest 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



39 



exporting did not begin until November and continued through 
February. In 1909 the heaviest exporting began in September, the 
month in which the most marketing was done by the farmers. The 
movement from the farm, of course, had begun early, 9 per cent 
having been sold in July, 16 in August, and 26 in September. Market- 
ing began to decline after October, wliile the comparatively heavy 
exports continued through December. Of the crop of 1909 marketed 
during the year ending June 30, 1910, more than 50 per cent had been 
delivered by farmers before the exports were well begun. By the end 
of October 69 per cent of the crop had been sold by farmers and 36 per 
cent of the exports of the season had been made. Tliis was a short 
season for exporters, lasting practically but three months. 

The imports of wheat into the United Kingdom do not vary to any 
large extent from month to month; an average for the 7 years end- 
ing with 1907 shows that the lowest montld}^ imports were 5.3 per 
cent of the total and occurred in February, wliile the highest were 
9.9 per cent of the total, and were made in July. The receipts from 
the Pacific coast were heaviest in March, April, and May. It has 
been noted in Table 23 that the heaviest exports from that coast 
began in October. The time of transit is over 4 months. (Table 24.) 

Table 23. — Monthly marketings of wheat in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and California, 
and monthly exports of domestic wheat through Pacific ports, including Alaska and 
Hawaii, during the years ending June 30, 1908-1910.'^ 



Month. 



Year ending June 30 — 



1908 



Marketings 
by farmers. 



Mil- 
lion 
bush- 
els. 



Per 
cent 

of 
total. 



Domestic 
exports, ex- 
cluding 
flour. 



Mil- 
lion 
bush- 
els. 



Per 
cent 

of 
total. 



Marketings 
by farmers. 



MU- 
lion 
bush- 
els. 



Per 

cent 

of 

total. 



Domestic 
exports, ex- 
cluding 
flour. 



Mil- 
lion 
bush- 
els. 



Per 
cent 

of 
total. 



1910 



Marketings 
by farmers. 



Mil- 
lion 
bush- 
els. 



Per 
cent 

of 
total. 



Domestic 
exports, ex- 
cluding 
flour.ft 



Mil- 
lion 
bush- 
els. 



Per 

cent 

of 

total. 



July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. . 

January 

February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 



2.14 
8.03 
14.98 
10.70 
4.28 
2.14 
2.14 
1.61 
2.14 
1.61 
2.14 
1.60 



(0 

0.13 

.64 

2.30 

3.53 

6.46 

4.66 

5.13 

2.32 

1.76 

.95 

.95 



1 

2 



4.10 
7.29 
11.84 
5.46 
3.64 
2.73 
1.82 
2.73 
2.28 
1.37 
1.37 
.91 



0.20 

.01 

2.82 

2.79 

1.39 

1.72 

1.15 

.55 

.34 

.03 



26 
25 
13 
16 
10 
5 
3 



1.57 
6.29 
18.35 
9.96 
5.76 
2.62 
2.10 
1.05 
1.05 
1.57 
1.05 
1.05 



0.01 

.06 

.56 

3.18 

2.38 

1.34 

.50 

.14 

.40 

.85 

.84 

.41 



{d) 



12 months 53.51 



28.83 



45.54 



11.00 



100 52. 42 



100 



a " Marketings by farmers" taken from reports of the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of 
Agriculture; exports from the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States. 
b Preliminary. 
cLess than 5,000 bushels. 
d Less than 0.5 of 1 per cent. 



40 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 24. — Average monthly imports of wheat into the United Kingdom from the Pacific 
coast of the United States and from all sources, 1901-1907. <^ 



Month. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

12 months, 



Average for 1901-1907. 



Quantity imported. 



From Par 

ciflc coast 

of the 

United 

States. 



Bushels. 

468,854 

654, 651 

1,384,417 

1,383,039 

1, 498, 459 

963,265 

1,013,557 

695, 610 

749,239 

830, 351 

430,213 

316,480 



From other 
countries. 



Bushels. 
10,362,281 

8,142,202 
12,220,658 
12,089,962 
13, 680, 703 
15,337,962 
15, 435, 722 
15,208,201 
14,638,140 
13,780,096 
13,477,548 
11,738,843 



Total. 



Bushels. 
10,831,135 

8,796,853 
13,605,075 
13,473,001 
15,179,162 
16,301,227 
16,449,279 
15,903,811 
15,387,379 
14, 610, 447 
13, 907, 761 
12,055,323 



10,388,135 156,112,318 166,500,453 100.0 100.0 



Percentage of year's 
total imported each 
month. 



From 
Pacific 
coast 
of the 
United 
States. 



Per ct. 
4.5 
6.3 
13.3 
13.3 
14.4 
9.3 
9.8 
6.7 
7.2 
8.0 
4.1 
3.1 



From 
other 
coun- 
tries. 



Per ct. 
6.6 

5.2 
7.8 
7.8 
8.8 
9.8 
9.9 
9.8 
9.4 
8.8 
8.6 
7.5 



Total. 



Per ct. 
6.5 
5.3 

8.2 
8.1 
9.1 
9.8 
9.9 
9.5 
9.2 
8.8 
8.4 
7.2 



Percentage of month's 
total imported from 
each source. 



From 
Pacific 
coast 
of the 

United 
States. 



Perct. 
4.3 

7.4 
10.2 
10.3 
9.9 
5.9 
6.2 
4.4 
4.9 
5.7 
3.1 
2.6 



6.2 



From 
other 
coun- 
tries. 



Perct. 
95.7 
92.6 
89.8 
89.7 
90.1 
94.1 
93.8 
95.6 
95.1 
94.3 
96.9 
97.4 



93. 



Total. 



Per ct. 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



100.0 



a Compiled from monthly Accounts Relating to Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom. 
INDIRECT IMPORTS. 

The principal steamship Hues plying between the Pacific coast and 
foreign countries have a terminus at San Francisco or Seattle. At 
these two ports the bulk of the trade with foreign countries is carried 
on directly by water. At some other ports a considerable amount of 
foreign commodities is received through other customs districts. 



Table 25. — Value of merchandise imported into Pacific coast ports, 1905-1909, showing 
amount through "exterior" ports."- 



Customs district, 


Total. 


Through "exte- 
rior" ports. 


Customs district, 
and year ending 
June 30— 


Total. 


Through "exte- 
rior" ports. 


and year ending 
June 30— 


Amount. 


Per 

cent 

of total. 


Amount. 


Per 

cent 

of total. 


San Diego: 

1905 


$275,631 
464,634 
653, 789 
722,359 
535,257 

810,000 

827,059 

1,559,322 

1.538,199 

1,305,341 

46,675,545 
44,433,271 
54,094,570 
48,251,476 
49,998,111 

1,821 
4,283 
1,173 
10, 736 
4,862 

5 


$15,939 

10,278 
15,059 
26,055 
16,359 

459,351 

534, 721 

1,076,560 

1,018,805 

789,808 

3.835,871 
4,217,810 
5,285,030 
4,090,115 
2,858,702 


5.8 
2.2 
2.3 
3.6 
3.1 

56.7 
64.7 
69. 
66.2 
60.5 

8.2 
9.5 
9.8 
8.5 
6.7 


Oregon: 

1905 


$38,847 

7,068 

21,364 

31,928 

16,551 

2,611,339 
2,852,636 
4,170,313 
3,758,752 
2,460,912 

7,378,328 
13,6i4,t38 
25,3o3,373 
22,208,814 
26,959,891 

57,791,516 
62,203,389 
85,853,904 
76,522,264 
81,280,925 


$11,262 

2,072 

1,181 

11,777 

8,278 

587,702 
635,363 
696,378 
850,931 
899,812 

165,427 
258,798 
432,302 
376,365 
253,860 

5,075,552 
5,659,042 
7,506,510 
6,374,048 
4,826,819 


29.0 


1906 


1906 


29.3 


1907 


1907 


5.5 


1908 


1908 . ... 


36.9 


1909 


1909 


50.0 


Los Angeles: 
1905.. 


Willamette (Port- 
land): 
1905 




1906 


22.5 


1907 


1906 


22.3 


1908 


1907 


16.7 


1909 


1908 


22.6 


San Francisco: 

1905 


1909 


36.6 


Puget Sound: 

1905 










1906 






1.9 




1907 










1908 










1909 






.9 


Humboldt: 

1905 


Total Pacific coast 
ports: 




1906 






8.8 
9.1 

8.7 
8.3 
5.9 


1907 






1906 


1908 








1909 








Yaquina: 






1909 


1905 













a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



41 



Some merchandise is landed at New York and transferred thence 
to Pacific coast ports. During the five years shown in Table 25 
from 6 to nearly 10 per cent of the total merchandise imported at 
San Francisco was landed at other ports ; at Los Angeles, from 57 to 
69 per cent; and at all Pacific coast ports from 6 to 9 per cent. 

DECLINE OF EXPORTS IN SAIL VESSELS. 

In 1886-1890 nearly three-fourths and in 1906-1910 less than one- 
fifth of the exports from the Pacific coast were carried in sail vessels. 
Vessels of this type engage chiefly in the grain and lumber trade, but 
even in that traffic they are being supplanted by steamers. The trade 
with Asia is carried on largely by steamships, many of which belong 
to regular lines and carry passengers as well as freight. The decline 
of San Francisco as a grain port and its development in general com- 
merce has done much to reduce its export trade by sail. (See Table 
26.) In Puget Sound customs district the percentage of freight car- 
ried in sail vessels is still lower than at San Francisco. In 1886-1890 
nearly 94 per cent of the exports from Portland was by sail and in 
1906-1910 over 41 per cent. The relatively large exports of wheat 
from Portland make sail vessels still an important means of trans- 
portation to and from that place. On other coasts of the United 
States sailing ships share but little in the foreign trade; of the 
exports for 1906-1910 from other coasts than the Pacific 99 per cent 
was by steam. 

Table 26. — Percentage of value of domestic merchandise exported in sail and in steam 
vessels from Pacific {including Alaska and Haxvaii) and other ports of the United States, 
1886-1910fi 



Year ending 
June 30— 



Pacific customs districts. 



San Fran- 
cisco. 



Willamette 
(Portland). 



Puget 
Sound. 



Other. 



Total 

Pacific, 

including 

Alaska and 

Hawaii. 



All other. 



Total 
United 
States. 



Average: 

1886-1890. . 
1891-1895. . 
1896-1900. . 
1901-1905. . 
1906-1910. . 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 



P.ct. 
71.5 
69.4 
57.9 
35.0 
16.5 



P.ct. 
28.5 
30.6 
42.1 
65.0 
83.5 



P.ct. 
93.9 
91.2 
76.9 
59.1 
41.1 



P.ct. 
6.1 
8.8 
23.1 
40 9 
58.9 



P.ct. 
71.4 
70.1 
34.3 
19.7 
14.4 



P.ct. 

28.6 
29.9 
65.7 
80.3 
85.6 



P.ct. 
91.0 
84.4 
36.4 
16.2 
16.9 



P.ct. 
9.0 
15.6 
63.6 
83.8 
83.1 



P.ct. 

74.9 
72.5 
54.5 
31.5 
18.9 



P.ct. 
25.1 
27.5 
45.5 
68.5 
81.1 



P.ct. 

16.9 
8.6 
5.3 
2.8 
1.3 



P.ct. 
83.1 
91.4 
94.7 
97.2 
98.7 



P.ct. 
20.3 
11.8 
7.9 
4.4 
2.2 



12.4 
16.1 
18.6 
18.4 
18.4 



87.6 
83.9 
81.4 
81.6 
81.6 



38.7 
26.6 
47.5 
40.5 
52.0 



61.3 
73.4 
52.5 
59.5 
48.0 



16.3 
10.1 
17.6 
14.8 
12.3 



83.7 
89.9 
82.4 
85.2 
87.7 



33.8 
10 9 
15.0 
16.9 
13.2 



66.2 
89.1 
85.0 
83.1 



17.4 
14.4 
23.4 
20.1 
19.4 



82.6 
85.6 
76.6 
79.9 
80.6 



1.7 
1.3 
1.2 
1.2 
1.0 



S.3 



2.6 
2.0 
2.3 
2.0 
1.8 



P.ct. 

79.7 
88.2 
92.1 
95.6 
97.8 



97.4 
98.0 
97.7 
98.0 
98.2 



a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 
including Hawaii prior to anne.xation. 
i> Including exports carried across the border in railroad cars and other land vehicles. 



Not 



42 



MABKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



PRICES. 



REVIEW OF 40 YEARS. 

The average December 1 value of wheat, on farms in the United 
States was much lower during 1905-1909 than during the period 
1870-1874. The period of lowest prices, as shown in Table 27, for 
both wheat and barley, was during 1895-1899. For a single year the 
highest farm price on December 1 , for the group of four States taken 
to represent the Pacific coast region, was Si. 365 in 1871, and the 
lowest price in the 41 years covered by the table was 50.6 cents per 
bushel in 1894. For barley on the Pacific coast the year of highest 
farm price in the period covered was also 1871, barley being then 
quoted on December 1 at $1,073 per bushel, and the lowest price was 
41.8 cents per bushel in 1893 and also in 1901. 

It is to be noted that the average farm values (Table 27) refer to 
only one day of the year. For this reason a fair comparison can not 
be made between the farm prices in Table 27 and the average export 
values of wheat and barley as shown in Table 28, since the latter 
figures cover the entire 12 months. 

Table 27. — Average farm -prices on December 1 of wheat and barley in the Pacific coast 
region and in the entire United States, 1870-1910.'^ 

[All values ai-e gold.] 





Wheat. 


Barley. 


! 




Wheat 




Barley. 




Si 




■a 


c^ 




•d 


p-^ 




13 


c'S 




■« 






OJ 


o g 




a> 








a) 


§ s 




(U 




MiS 




...A 


ati'3 




4^ 




ailrt 




+j 


tXi ^ 




4J> 


On Decem- 






a . 






. 


On Decem- 


H 




a 


^1 




. 


ber 1— 


to 


P!fi 




PS 


ber 1— 


S 


t-SP 




PJ 






























2 9 


n 


CS 


.sq . 


^ 


n.2 




.2.F5 . 






•s.g . 


<a 






asi 2 




t,W 


BJ3 O 


02 


t.lX! 




a.c 2 




t,CO 


c.a_o 


m 


fc,W 




^^2 


u 

Si 


a 


q^2 




a 




2 03 ca 




a 


S^2 


1 


d 




o 


O 


w 


o 


O 


W 




O 


O 


W 


o 


O 


W 


1870 


107.9 


93.4 


94.4 


97.2 


71.7 


79.1 


1896 


79.5 


71.4 


72.6 


47.3 


25.5 


32.3 


1871 


13ti. 5 


112.5 


114.5 


107.3 


63.6 


75. 8 


1897 


75.7 


81.7 


80.8 


52.6 


29.7 


37.7 


1872 


107.8 


111.9 


111.4 


84.2 


62.4 


68.6 


1898 


60.3 


.58.0 


58.2 


60.8 


36.1 


41.3 


1873 


120.7 


105.0 


106.9 


83.9 


88.2 


86.7 


1899 


56.1 


58.8 


58.4 


49.6 


35.6 


40.3 


1874 


94.5 


85.3 


86. 3 


77.3 


90.7 


86.0 


1900 


54.4 


63.2 


61.9 


42.8 


40.0 


40.9 


1875 


113.1 


86.9 


89.5 


90.0 


68.7 


74.1 


1901 


54.1 


63. 6 


62. 4 


41.8 


47.0 


45.2 


1876 


108.1 


95.5 


96.3 


69. 


60.3 


(3.0 


1902 


70.9 


62.1 


63.0 


59.4 


40.3 


45.9 


1877 


125. 5 


104.0 


105. 7 


88.9 


54.5 


62.8 


1903 


77.7 


68. 6 


69.6 


58.9 


39.7 


45.6 


1878 


101.3 


74.4 


77.6 


64.9 


53.9 


57.9 


1904 


82.2 


93.9 


92.4 


58.4 


.36.0 


42.0 


1879 


118.3 


110.0 


110.8 


56.3 


60.4 


58.9 


1905 


69.9 


75.4 


74.8 


55.7 


34.4 


40.3 


1880 


91.4 


95.5 


95.1 


61.3 


69.4 


66. 6 


1906 


67.3 


66. 6 


66.7 


53.2 


37.1 


41.5 


1881 


98.7 


121.9 


119.2 


75.7 


84.6 


82.3 


1907 


80. 6 


88.4 


87.4 


72.4 


64.4 


66. 


1882 


89.1 


88.3 


88.4 


07.2 


61.6 


62.9 


1908 


84.7 


9.3.7 


92.8 


69.5 


51.8 


55.4 


1883 


96.5 


90.3 


91.1 


&3.5 


57.2 


58.7 


1909 


94.5 


99.6 


99.0 


71.1 


49.8 


55.2 


1884 

1885 

1880 


65.5 
68.5 
71.2 


64.4 
78.5 
68.4 


(i4.5 
77.1 

68.7 


51.6 
75.9 
64.3 


47.4 
49.9 
48.9 


48.7 
66.3 
63.6 


1910 


82.1 


90.2 


89.4 


55.3 


59.0 


57.8 


Moan: 














1887 


71.2 


67.0 


68.1 


51.5 


52.0 


51.9 


1870-1874 . 


114.7 


101.6 


102.7 


90.0 


75.3 


79.2 


1888 


82.0 


94.2 


92.6 


57.9 


59.4 


69.0 


1875-1879 . 


113.3 


94.2 


96.0 


73.8 


69.0 


63.3 


1889 


70.2 


69.8 


69.8 


45.3 


40.4 


41.6 


1880-1884 . 


88.2 


92.1 


91.7 


63.9 


64.0 


63. 8 


1890 


7.5.8 


85.0 


83.8 


74.2 


58.7 


62.7 


1885-1889. 


72.6 


75.7 


75.3 


59.0 


60.1 


52.6 


1891 


89.4 


83.3 


83.9 


(i0.5 


49.6 


52.4 


1890-1894 . 


06.8 


66. 6 


66.6 


63.1 


48.3 


49.6 


1892 


65.6 


62.0 


62.4 


46.7 


47.8 


47.5 


1895-1899 . 


65.3 


64.0 


64.2 


50.0 


31.7 


37.1 


1893 


52.7 


64.0 


53.8 


41.8 


40.8 


41.1 


1900-1904 . 


67.9 


70.3 


69.8 


52.3 


40.0 


43.9 


1894 


50.6 


48.9 


49.1 


42.5 


44.7 


44.2 


1905-1909 . 


79.4 


84.7 


84.1 


64.4 


47.5 


61.8 


1895 


54.9 


50.3 


50.9 


39.8 


31.6 


33.7 

















a From reports of the Bxu-eau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. Averages for the 
difierent parts of the United States aie here weighted according to production. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST EEGION. 



43 



The average export value of wheat shipped through Pacific ports 
declined from Si. 172 during 1871-1875 to 69.2 cents in 1896-1900; 
then prices went up until the average of 85.5 cents per bushel was 
reached in 1906-1910. The average export value of barley at the 
Pacific ports was 1 cent per bushel less in 1906-1910 than in 1871- 
1875. The lowest average for a five-year period was 49.5 cents in 
1896-1900. 

Table 28. — Average export values of wheat and barley shipped through Pacific ports, 
including Alaska and Hawaii, and through all United States ports during the years 
ending June 30, 1871-1910 a 

[All values are gold.] 



Year 

ending 

June 30— 



1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 



Wheat 




Barley. 








o 


4. 03 






03 




*^ 


g 


















s<-~ 




a . 


i<-~ 




a . 




(-1 

o 

Ph 


^1 


JH 5 
O t. 
Q, tS 

Mo3 

...sw 


o 




=9 " 03 


J3 


4J 

a 


0.=: S 

03 « 03 


a> 

S3 


n 


Ph 


o 


W 


X, 


O 


W 


119.8 


119.1 


119.2 


56.4 


65.1 


57.7 


138.9 


132.5 


133. 2 


81.3 


60.6 


68.5 


108.0 


129.9 


120.5 


66. 7 


61.5 


66.2 


127.4 


130.6 


130.0 


65.3 


75. 2 


65.6 


91.9 


;o8.i 


103. 


03.7 


99.1 


66.4 


118.0 


no. 6 


112.3 


63.3 


93.4 


65.4 


107.2 


no. 7 


112.1 


58.2 


55.7 


56.1 


131.5 


131.0 


131.0 


87.5 


63.0 


63.9 


102.7 


107.4 


lOtl. 6 


56. 1 


55.7 


56. 


114.6 


125.9 


124.3 


66. 5 


74.8 


69.5 


85.2 


116.5 


111.4 


61.8 


77.2 


62.0 


98.2 


135.3 


118.5 


73.3 


81.3 


73.6 


104.2 


115. 7 


112.7 


68.5 


93.3 


69.1 


101.5 


109.1 


106. 6 


52.7 


77.9 


5.5.7 


77.5 


91.4 


86.2 


55.0 


86.7 


55.0 


80.9 


92.0 


87.0 


65.8 


93.7 


66.0 


85.5 


90.0 


89.0 


64.0 


75.2 


65.4 


84.2 


86.1 


85.5 


57.3 


76.6 


57.6 


87.6 


93.5 


89.7 


59.2 


61.8 


59.3 


78.5 


88.1 


83.2 


55.6 


47.7 


53.6 


85.5 


103.9 


93.3 


70.7 


66.5 


68.8 


100.3 


103.2 


102. 6 


62.1 


63.7 


62.5 


76.8 


80.8 


79.9. 


48.1 


64.6 


48.4 


60.5 


69.8 


67.2 


45.2 


64.8 


45.6 


50.5 


61.9 


57.6 


48.3 


69.0 


49.1 



Year 

ending 

June 30- 



1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

Mean: 
1871-1875 . 
1876-1880 . 
1881-1885. 
1886-1890 . 
1891-1895 . 
1896-1900 . 
1901-1905. 
1906-1910 . 



Wheat. 



tascs 

.535 



60.0 
76.4 
85.6 
64.6 
.59. 2 
59.9 
62.9 
76. 2 
79.6 
88.2 
76.3 
71.9 
91.0 
92.5 



117.2 
114.8 
93.3 
83.3 

74.7 
69.2 
73.4 
85.5 



69.5 
74.8 
102.7 
76.4 
75.6 
78.1 
76.7 
77.1 
81.3 
96. 7 
86.4 
80.1 
102.7 
103. 6 
104.3 



124.0 
118.3 
113.6 
89.9 
8.3.9 
79.8 
82.0 
95.4 



|D a 



65.5 
75.3 
98.3 
74.8 
71.8 
73.3 
72.9 
76.9 
81.1 
88.9 
82.2 
78.6 
99.4 
101.8 
102.4 



121.2 
117.3 
107.1 
86. 9 
80.1 
77.1 
78.6 
92.9 



Barley. 



a ^ 

ere 



40.7 
43.1 
55.7 
60.8 
47.3 
44.9 
45.1 
55.3 
67.6 
56.9 
56.8 
56.0 
73.1 
71.1 
71.7 



66.7 
66.3 
62.3 
60.4 
54.9 
49.5 
52.0 
65.7 



39.9 
35.0 
40.6 
60.4 
47.5 
49.3 
72.6 
55. 6 
66.2 
47.8 
47.3 
52.4 
79.5 
69.4 
62.4 



72.3 

68.5 
83.3 
71.0 
65.7 
44.7 
.58.3 
62.2 



40.4 
38.2 
49.3 
60.7 
47.4 
45.8 
45.8 
55.3 
57.8 
52.4 
48.8 
55.3 
73.7 
71.0 
70.8 



64.9 
62.2 
63.1 
60.4 
54.9 
47.2 
51.4 
63.9 



a From annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Averages for the 
two groups of ports are here weighted according to quantities exported. Not inchiding Hawaii prior to 
annexation. 



44 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 

FARM PRICES IN DIFFERENT SECTIONS. 

Owing to the marked difference in prices of wheat in different sec- 
tions of Cahfornia, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, it is advantageous 
to classify the reports of farm prices by regions of large or of small 
production. In California about one-half of the counties of the State 
produce some 20 times as much wheat as the other half, while in 
Washington, Oregon, and Idaho four groups of counties produce more 
than 30 times as much wheat as all the other counties, which in this 
bulletin are classified into five groups. The same classification of 
counties in the four States is used for barley, the regions of large pro- 
duction having crops many times as great as the other regions. The 
regions of large production are generally the great river valleys and 
the agricultural areas near the seacoast. In California the valleys of 
the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, and the coast plain extending 
from Sonoma County to and including Santa Barbara County, include 
the regions of large production, as shown in Tables 29 and 31, while 
in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho the regions of large production 
comprise the counties located in the valleys of the Columbia, Snake, 
Willamette, and Rogue Rivers. These regions are the ones, of course, 
whose prices are significant in the large markets, while in those of 
small production, many of which do not produce much or any grain for 
sale in distant markets, higher prices are paid to the farmer than are 
paid in the counties of large production, (Tables 30 and 32.) 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



45 



Table 29. — Average farm prices o/ wheat in regions 0/ large production in California, 
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to 
December, IdlOfi 

[Cents per bushel.] 





1908 


1909 


Region. 6 


3 


3 
< 


ft 





i 

!z; 


d 

Q 


d 

03 






< 




i 


"3 

1-5 


3 
< 


ft 
w 


Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 

Western interior counties of Oregon... 

Upper Columbia and lower Snake 

Kiver Valleys 


85 

77 
85 
78 

79 

97 
85 
91 
94 

93 

85 


83 

75 
102 
74 

78 

92 
90 
93 
89 

91 

85 


85 

75 

75 
77 

77 

95 

87 
94 
86 

91 

84 


87 

76 
70 

78 

78 

105 
87 
97 
95 

98 

87 


87 

77 
71 
80 

79 

99 
82 
95 
91 

94 

86 


87 

73 
66 
80 

76 

95 
95 
91 
94 

93 

84 


89 

76 
68 
79 

79 

95 

89 
100 
107 

100 

~89" 


89 

88 
82 
86 

87 

95 
97 
104 
110 

103 

95 


98 

92 
87 
100 

93 

117 
89 
107 
107 

108 

100 


101 

98 
93 
96 

98 

109 
101 
109 
110 

109 

103 


105 

105 
103 
103 

105 

118 
106 
118 
123 

111 


112 

108 
116 
108 

109 

129 
128 
123 
125 

125 

117 


105 

107 
123 
120 

109 

104 
116 
129 
119 

119 

114 


105 

99 
113 
100 

101 

116 
HI 

117 
124 

118 

109 


92 
76 




63 


Middle Columbia River Valley 


80 
79 


California. 


113 


Central coast region 


102 




104 


San Joaquin Valley 


110 




108 




92 








190 


9-C 


on. 


1910 


Region. 






> 




ft 




X2 




ft 
< 




1-5 


>> 
3 
1-5 


ti 

3 
< 


ft 

0) 


4-» 



> 



d 


Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 

Western interior counties of Oregon... 
Upper Columbia and lower Snake 


91 

77 
72 
77 

79 

105 
94 

100 
96 

100 

89 


91 

81 
79 
85 

83 

107 
95 
100 
103 

102 

92 


88 

88 
90 
89 

88 

121 
102 
103 
109 

109 

98 


100 

96 
90 
95 

96 

109 
110 
110 
111 

110 

103 


100 

99 
94 
103 

99 

115 
112 
114 
117 

115 

106 


102 

95 
97 
99 

97 

116 
112 
114 
115 

115 

105 


102 

93 

89 
98 

95 

108 
107 
108 
114 

110 

102 


99 

81 
102 
80 

82 

104 
88 
102 
105 

102 

93 


89 

76 
81 

77 

85 

95 
88 
98 
101 

97 

88 


88 

68 
77 
69 

72 

90 
80 
84 
102 

90 

81 


87 

79 

77 
72 

80 

97 
90 
88 
96 

92 

86 


88 

81 
62 
83 

82 

99 
88 
92 
98 

95 

88 


86 

73 
66 

78 

75 

94 
85 
88 
89 

89 

12" 


89 

74 
63 
76 

76 

98 
89 
85 
98 

92 

84 


83 
67 


Upper Snake River Valley 


60 


Miadle Columbia River Valley 

Average, 4 regions 


73 
70 


California. 
Region of San Francisco Bay 


89 


Central coast region 


80 


Sacramento Valley 


85 


San Joaquin Valley 


94 


Average, 4 regions 


88 


Average, 8 regions 


79 







a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. 
In computing these averages the price for each county was weighted in proportion to the production of 
1899, as given in the census. 
b The counties included in the respective regions are as follows: 
Oregon, Wasliington, and Idaho: 

Western interior counties of Oregon.— Benton, Clackamas, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, 

Linn, Marion, Polk, Washington, Yamhill. (Total, 11.) 
Region of upper Columbia and lower Snake Rivers.— In Oregon: Baker, Umatilla, Union, Wal- 
lowa. (Total, 4.) In Washington: Adams, Asotin, Columbia, Douglas, Franklin, Garfield, 
Grant, Lincoln, Spokane, Walla WaUa, Whitman. (Total, 11.) In Idaho: Ada, Canyon, Idaho, 
Latah, Nez Perces, Washington. (Total, 6.) 
Region of upper Snake River (Idaho).— Bannock, Bear Lake, Bmgham, Fremont, Oneida. 

(Total, 5.) 
Region of middle Columbia River.— In Oregon: Gilliam, Hood River, Morrow, Sherman, Wasco. 
In Washington: Benton, Klickitat, Yakima. (Total, 8.) 
California: 

Region of San Francisco Bay.— Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Joaquin, 
San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma. (Total, 11.) 



Central coast region.— Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara. (Total, 4.) 

"■ " 1, Glenn, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, Tehama, Yolo, Yuba. 
(Total, 9.) 



Sacramento Valley.— Butte, Colusa 

(Total, 9.) , . 

San Joaquin Valley.- Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Stanislaus, Tulare. (Total, 7.) 



46 



MARKETING GEAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 30. — Average farm prices 0/ wheat in regions 0/ small production in California, 
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month from July, 1908, to 
December, 1910 a 

[Cents per bushel.] 





1908 


1009 


Region. 6 




si 

3 
< 


in 


1 


> 






i 

►-5 


0) 


1 


< 




a 


3 
1-3 


< 




Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 

Ocean counties and lower Columbia. . 
Puget Sound counties. 


88 
97 

87 
79 
92 

88 

101 
103 
120 
126 

109 

100 


94 
94 

82 
80 
75 

85 

97 
100 
105 
122 

103 

95 


92 
89 

85 
88 
82 

88 

99 
85 
120 
115 

99 

94 


88 
100 

85 

77 
65 

82 

88 
114 
112 
116 

107 

97 


88 
90 

81 
94 
80 

86 

114 
114 
115 
120 

115 

103 


94 
86 

85 
89 
81 

88 

101 
111 
108 
120 

109 

100 


98 
92 

88 
91 
83 

92 

97 
95 
120 
127 

104 

99 


116 
90 

80 
120 
74 

98 

95 
120 

io5' 

110 
104 


103 
107 

108 
118 
88 

105 

101 
140 
120 
120 

124 

116 


107 
107 

95 
104 
95 

101 

102 
121 
120 
128 

117 

110 


116 
130 

150 
122 
85 

125 

111 
123 
127 
136 

122 

123 


124 
115 

148 
125 
110 

127 

120 
116 
120 
147 

122 

124 


119 ,115 
125 ,134 

141 144 
119 145 
114 122 

124 130 
116 115 


104 
108 


Northern and northeastern Washing- 
ton and northern Idaho 

Central and southeastern Oregon 

Central and southwestern Idaho 

Average 5 regions 


123 
122 
92 

110 


California. 

Southern coast and southeastern 
counties 


107 


Northern interior 


110 
120 
149 

118 


115 
120 
142 


119 


Northern coast 


1?0 


Eastern mountain 


139 


Average 4 regions 


119 


Average 9 regions 


121 


124 


115 









1909— Con. 


1910 


Region .6 






> 

"A 




1 


,0 


S 
S 


ft 
< 


>> 


0) 

I-' 


3 


3 
< 


ft 
m 







> 





Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 

Ocean counties and lower Columbia. . . 
Puget Sound counties 


97 

88 

88 
90 
76 

89 

102 
95 
122 
138 

107 

100 


104 
97 

92 
98 
94 

90 

101 
103 
120 
134 

110 

101 


101 
93 

100 
108 
102 

102 

118 
107 
120 
127 

115 

109 


106 
108 

115 
126 

88 

109 

119 
124 
135 
135 

126 

119 


104 
108 

112 
120 
96 

108 

113 
110 

i33' 

114 

111 


116 
100 

117 
95 
102 

109 

110 
95 
120 
135 

108 

109 


104 
107 

112 
118 

88 

106 

115 
110 
120 
129 

116 

111 


87 
100 

105 
95 
90 

95 

112 
108 
120 
116 

112 

105 


116 
101 

112 
109 
110 

110 

106 
101 
120 
131 

110 


92 

88 

74 
110 
128 

96 

90 
92 
88 
117 

94 


100 
92 

85 
105 

78 

93 

99 
92 
95 
102 

96 

94 


94 
92 

96 
105 
94 

96 

98 
95 
120 
123 

104 

101 


90 
94 

98 
101 

82 

93 

96 
108 
120 
112 

108 

101 


91 
89 

103 

86 
78 

91 

100 
100 
105 
108 

102 

97 


96 

85 


Northern and northeastein Washing- 
ton and nortliern Idaho 


95 


Central and southeastern Oregon 

Central and southwestern Idaho 

Average, 5 regions. . 


99 
76 

9? 


California. 

Southern coast and southeastern 
counties 


84 


Northern interior 


104 


Northern coast 


105 


Eastern mountain 


111 


Average, 4 regions 


ion 


Average, 9 regions 


110 1 95 


97 











' a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. In 
computing these averages the price for each county was weighted in proportion to the production of 1899, 
as given in the census. 
6 The counties included in the respective regions are as follows: 
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho: 

Ocean counties and lower Columbia.— In Oregon: Clatsop, Columbia, Coos, Curry, Lincoln, Mult- 
nomah, Tillamook. (Total, 7.) In Washington: Chehalis, Clallam, Clarke, Cowlitz, Jefferson, 
Lewis, Pacific, Skamania, Wahkiakum. (Total, 9.) 
Puget Sound counties. — Island, King, Kitsap, Mason, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish, 

Thurston, Whatcom. (Total, 10.) 
Northern and northeastern Washington and northern Idaho.— In Washington: Chelan, Ferry, 
Kittitas, Okanogan, Stevens. (Total, 5.) In Idaho: Bonner, Kootenai, Shoshone. (Total, 3.) 
Central and southeastern Oregon.— Crook, Grant, Harney, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Wheeler. 

(Total, 7.) 
Central and southwestern Idaho.— Blaine, Boise, Cassia, Custer, Elmore, Lemhi, Lincoln, Owyhee, 
(Total, 8.) 
California: 

Southern coast and southeastern counties. — Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Ber- 
nardino, San Diego, Ventura. (Total, 7.) 
Northern interior.— Lassen, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou, Trinity. (Total, 6.) 
Northern coast —Del Norte, Humboldt, Lake, Mendocino. (Total, 4.) 

Eastern Mountain.— Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, El Dorado, Inyo, Mariposa, Mono, Nevada, 
Sierra, Tuolumne. (Total, 10.) 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



47 



Table 31. — Average farm -prices o/ barley in regions 0/ large production in California, 
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month from July, 1908, to 
December, 1910. « 

[Cents per bushel.] 





1908 


1909 


Region. b 


. 


^ 


^ 




^ 














r^ 






-; 




■5 
>-> 


si 
< 


03 






1? 







s 




c 

^ 




3 


3 
1-1 


3 




Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 
































Western interior counties of Oregon . . 
Upper Columbia and lower Snake 


62 

51 
65 
54 


61 

50 
70 

52 


58 

50 
62 
53 


54 

54 

58 
54 


62 

54 
60 
61 


61 

55 
60 
53 


70 

59 
60 
59 


68 

73 

62 
59 


68 

67 
62 
70 


68 

67 
50 
69 


66 

84 
85 
65 


78 

77 
88 
77 


80 

77 
60 
79 


69 

72 
83 
70 


60 
64 


Upper Snake River Valley 

Middle Columbia River Valley 


45 
57 


Average, 4 regions 


51 


51 


50 


54 


55 


55 


59 


72 


68 


67 


82 


77 


77 


72 


64 


California. 
































Region of San Francisco Bay 


66 
55 
6.3 
75 


66 
6S 
64 
64 


72 
63 

59 
54 


69 
58 
60 

68 


75 
73 
58 
66 


72 
65 
70 
73 


72 
69 
70 
70 


64 
71 
67 
75 


70 
54 
67 
70 


75 
69 
68 
72 


79 
77 
71 
66 


86 
88 
66 
61 


71 
74 
70 
73 


69 
65 
65 
61 


70 
fifi 




64 


San Joaquin Valley 


82 


Average, 4 regions 


64 


66 


64 


64 


69 


70 


71 


68 


66 


72 


75 


78 


72 


66 


69 


Average, 8 regions 


62 


63 


"62~ 


62 


66 


67 


68 


68 


66 


71 


76 


78 


73 


67 


68 





1909— Con. 


1910 


Region. 6 







> 



8 

p 


d 


.0 




P. 
< 


>> 

03 


i 

3 
1-5 


>> 

3 


ti 

3 


Ph 





i 

52; 





Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 

Western interior counties of Oregon. . 

Upper Columbia and lower Snake 

River Valleys 


fi4 

57 
60 
57 

57 

64 
60 
63 
63 

63 

62 


70 

50 
58 
62 

56 

67 
59 
63 
72 

65 

63 


62 

60 
70 
64 

60 

70 
63 
66 
62 

66 

65 


74 

60 
65 
65 

61 

73 
70 

67 

72 

71 
69 


70 

65 
66 

78 

66 

64 
65 
63 
70 

65 

65 


73 

68 
50 
75 

68 

70 

84 
66 
68 

71 

71 


78 

60 
53 
69 

61 

67 
68 
65 
70 

67 

66 


84 

65 
58 
68 

66 

66 
60 
58 
63 

62 

63 


66 

59 
55 
61 

59 

64 
70 
55 
64 

63 

62 


64 

47 
45 
56 

48 

55 
70 
43 
55 

55 

53 


70 

47 
50 
52 

48 

55 
48 

48 
48 

51 

50 


62 
50 
'56' 
50 

49 
52 
46 
50 

49 

49 


58 

49 
43 

48 

49 

54 
46 
46 
51 

50 

50 


60 

46 
44 
43 

46 

49 
44 
46 
51 

47 

47 


66 
48 


Upper Snake River Valley 

Middle Columbia River Valley 


36 

48 

48 


California. 
Region of San Francisco Bay 


.54 


Central coast region 


57 

48 




48 


Average, 4 regions 

Average, 8 regions . . 


52 

51 







a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. In 
computing these averages the price for each county is weighted in proportion to the production of 1899, 
as given in the census. 

b See note *, Table 29. 



48 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 32. — Average farm prices of barley in regions of small production in Cali- 
fornia, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month from July, 1908, 
to December, IQlOfi 

[Cents per bushel.] 





1908 


1909 


Reglon.6 


3 


a 


m 


O 


> 

o 


d 


d 




1 


ft 
< 


i 


01 

a 

3 


3 
1-5 


3 
< 


i 


Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 
Ocean counties and lower Columbia. . 


64 
55 

60 
60 
68 

63 

84 
65 
71 
85 

79 

76 


51 
65 

62 
68 
59 

60 

83 
75 
78 
81 

81 

78 


64 

70 

64 
82 
60 

68 

72 
73 

72 
77 

73 

72 


68 
80 

56 
69 
44 

62 

66 
60 
68 
89 

67 

67 


63 
72 

62 
75 
69 

67 

73 
68 
63 
79 

72 

71 


55 
55 

70 
76 
63 

68 

72 
87 
74 
83 

75 


59 


95 


63 
63 

86 
99 
83 

83 

74 
84 
75 
82 

73 

74 


64 
75 

65 
97 
83 

80 

74 
73 
70 
92 

75 

76 


75 
112 

92 
97 
75 

86 

84 
86 
78 
123 

87 

87 


90 

100 
1C2 
74 

95 

84 
82 
88 
109 

86 

87 


148 
84 

112 
106 
105 

118 

99 
82 
85 
120 

97 

100 


68 
88 

125 
103 
71 

95 

73 
75 
72 
135 

79 

81 


75 


Northern and northeastern Washing- 


66 
76 
55 

65 

75 
74 
60 
83 

74 

73 


100 
98 
60 

93 

83 
75 

'96' 

82 

84 


S6 


Central and southeastern Oregon 

Central and southwestern Idaho 


86 
70 

78 


California. 
Southern coast and southeastern 


69 




78 


Northern coast 


66 




97 


Average, 4 regions 


72 




73 








1909— Con. 


1910 


Region.^ 


O 


> 
o 


d 


d 


SI 


i 

s 


< 




§ 

Hi 


3 


D 
< 


ft 









d 


Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 
Ocean counties and lower Columbia. . 


70 
60 

72 

67 
54 

67 

70 
73 
75 
108 

74 

74 


60 

48 

72 
67 

78 

69 

71 
65 

72 
92 

72 

72 


77 
60 

85 
78 
60 

78 

81 
76 
75 
102 

82 

81 


70 
80 

99 
102 
53 

86 

72 
81 
72 
83 

74 

76 


70 
60 

80 
84 
83 

80 

75 
74 

■75' 

75 

76 


66 

76 

74 
54 

68 

81 
64 

72 
78 

78 

76 


69 
68 

85 
91 
70 

80 

82 
76 
78 
98 

82 

82 


64 
68 

110 
89 
60 

81 

79 
73 
74 
89 

79 

79 


124 
66 

60 
93 
73 

88 

66 
70 

71 
72 

68 

71 


65 
65 

80 
96 
92 

83 

67 

67 
54 
60 

65 

68 


74 
60 

'88' 
60 

78 

67 
52 
52 
71 

57 

59 


69 
62 

96 
75 
66 

77 

53 
65 
60 
81 

55 

58 


58 
80 

80 
79 

62 

70 

65 
70 
50 

78 

59 
60 


59 

65 

67 
65 
60 

63 

56 
69 
48 
73 

59 

59 


82 
.58 


Northern and northeastern Washing- 


76 


Central and southeastern Oregon 

Central and southwestern Idaho 


76 
65 

72 


California. 
Southern coast and southeastern 


49 




70 




55 




71 




54 




57 







a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. 
In computing these averages the price for each county is weighted in proportion to the production of 1899, 
as given in the census. 

6 See note 6, Table 30. 



IlSr THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



49 



AVERAGES FOR TWO YEARS. 



The average price of wheat for the two crop years ending June, 
1909 and 1910, has been computed for each of the 17 regions into 
which these four States are di\dded. The figures for each month 
have been weighted according to the proportion of the crop marketed 
that month, in order to give due importance to the prices which 
governed during periods of 
heavy and of light mar- 
keting. The averages ob- 
tained by this process are 
shown in Table 33, and 
also in figures 1 and 2. 

The map (fig. 1) illus- 
trating the prices of wheat 
in the various • regions 
shows that the lowest farm 
prices in the years ending 
June, 1909 and 1910, were 
in the valleys of the Co- 
lumbia and Snake Rivers, 
and the highest in the 
eastern mountain region of 
California. It will be noted 
that there is no region in 
California where farm 
prices were as low as in the 
great wheat country of the 
Pacific Northwest. In 
connection with this, at- 
tention is called to the fact 
that large shipments of 
wheat are made from Ore- 
gon and Washington to 
San Francisco. This movement down the coast is discussed more in 
detail on page 14. 

It will be noted on the barley map (fig. 2) that in at least one 
region in California prices are nearly as low as in any region in Wash- 
ington, Oregon, or Idaho, and it is also a fact that shipments of 
barley to San Francisco from the more northern States are relatively 
small compared with the wheat shipments. 

a For explanation of Roman numerals, see Table 33. 
99072°— Bull. 89—11 4 




Fig. 1. — Average farm prices of wheat, in cents per bushel, 
in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, for the years 
ending June, 1909 and 1910.a 



50 



MAE.KETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 33. — Average farm prices of ivheat and barley in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and 
California for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910, by regions. o- 

[Cents per bushel.] 



Ncft 



I 

II 

III 
IV 
V 

VI 
VII 
VIII 

IX 



X 

XI 

XII 

XIII 

XIV 

XV 

XVI 

XVII 



Region.c 



Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 

Puget Sound counties 

Northern and northeast Washington and 

northern Idaho 

Ocean counties and lower Columbia region... 

Middle Columbia River Valleys 

Upper Columbia and lower Snake River 

Valleys 

Western interior (Oregon) 

Central and southeastern Oregon 

Central and southwestern Idaho 

Upper Snake River Valley (western Idaho) . . 

California. 

Northern coast region 

Northern interior 

Sacramento Valley 

Region of San Francisco Bay 

Central coast region 

San Joaquin Valley 

Eastern mountain region 

Southern coast and southeastern counties 



Wheat. 



Year ending 
June— 



1909 



109 
104 
97 
99 
90 
95 
120 
100 



105 

113 

105 
86 

83 
95 
114 
95 



119 
110 
106 
111 
102 
109 
137 
108 



Mean, 
1909 
and 
1910. 



101 
100 
84 

81 
92 
102 



114 
107 
102 
105 
96 
102 
128 
104 



Barley. 



Year ending 
June— 



1909 



1910 



70 
75 
65 
69 
66 
70 
104 
76 



Mean, 
1909 
and 
1910. 



a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. In com- 
puting these averages, the price is for the first day of each month and is weighted in proportion to the 
quantity marketed by farmers that month. This table is the basis for the maps on pp. 49 and 51. 

b Corresponding with Roman numerals on maps, pp. 49 and 51. 

c For list of counties in each region, see note b, Tables 29 and .30. 

DIFFERENCE IN PRICE BETWEEN FARM AND ENGLAND. 

GROSS PROFIT AND COST OF MARKETING. 

The producer and consumer are interested indirectly in tlie costs 
of marketing, but they are affected more by the actual difference 
between what the one receives and the other pays than either is 
concerned with the costs incurred by the middleman in handling 
the commodity. But the costs of marketing bear a ce]-tain rela- 
tion to the margin between what the producer receives and what the 
consumer pays. The middleman must make expenses and a fair 
profit or he can not continue in the business, hence for the greater 
part of the transactions affecting a given commodity in a series of 
markets the difference between the price received by the producer 
and that paid by the consumer must equal at least the cost of 
marketing. 

In the wheat export trade of the Pacific coast it is difficult if not 
impossible to obtain comparable data for computing the above- 
mentioned difference. Wlieat purchased from farmers is of various 
kinds and qualities, wliich are not differentiated in the published 
quotations of farm prices. An approximate comparison betw^een 
farm prices of wheat in the Pacific Northwest and wholesale market 
prices paid by English buyers may be made in this way. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



51 



COMPARISONS WITH EXCHANGE PRICES AND EXPORT VALUES. 

In Table 34 a comparison was made between average farm prices in 
regions wliich contribute to the Portland market and exchange prices 
of certain kinds of wheat at that city. To avoid as much as practi- 
cable the use of merely nominal prices, the quotations taken in tliis 
table were only for seasons of heaviest marketings; for the crops of 
1908 and 1909, respectively, the six months beginning with August 
were taken and for the crop of 1910 as much of the corresponding 
period as was covered by figures available when the table was compiled. 

The figure taken for the farm price each month in Table 34 was 
the mean of the farm 
prices on the first day of 
the month named and the 
fii'st day of the follo^\ing 
month; the farm price for 
the month of August was 
computed by adding the 
quotation for August 1 
wdth that for September 1 
and di\4ding the result by 
2. The same method was 
fonowed in obtaining the 
farm prices given in Table 
36, To secure an approxi- 
mate average price for all 
kinds of wheat sold in 
Portland, quotations for 
each week for Bluestem, 
Club, and Red Russian 
were averaged by months. 

Since the wheat sold in 
regions of small produc- 
tion has probably but lit- 
tle if any influence in the 
large wholesale markets, 
the farm prices used to 
compare with exchange 
prices at Portland and ex- 
port values at Portland and Puget Sound ports are those quoted in 
regions of large production. 

Of the 16 months represented in Table 34, the average monthly 
spot prices at Portland ranged from 2 to 19 cents above farm prices, 
while the smallest cUfFerence between farm prices and average export 
values at Portland in any one of the 13 months given was 4 cents per 
bushel, and the greatest difference was 14.5 cents per bushel. Taking 
the average monthly export values at Puget Sound ports (cliiefly 




Fig. 2.— Average farm prices of barley, in cents per bushel, 
in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, for the years 
ending June, 1909 and 1910.o 



a For explanation of Roman numerals, see Table 33. 



52 



MABKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Tacoma), the smallest margin between farm and seaport for any one 
of the 16 months given was 0.5 cent per bushel and the greatest 
margin was 19 cents per bushel. 

The averages for each season, as covered in Table 34, show a dif- 
ference between farm and Portland exchange prices of 12.2 cents per 
bushel for the crop of 1908, 12 cents for that of 1909, and 7.5 cents 
per bushel for most of the seasons in which the crop of 1910 was mar- 
keted. The average seasonal differences between farm prices and 
export values, as computed in Table 34, ranged from 9.2 to 14.5 cents 
per bushel. These differences may be taken to represent possible 
if not probable conditions, for the margins shown are sufficient to 
allow for expenses of marketing. The cost of shipping wheat from 
country railroad stations and steamboat landings to Portland and 
Tacoma, including freight, warehouse charges, insurance, and minor 
expenses, ranged in 1910 from about 5 to about 17 cents per bushel. 

Table 34. — Comparison of average prices of wheat on farms in Oregon, Washington, and 
Idaho with exchange spot prices at Portland and average export values at Portland and 
Puget Sound, for seasons of heavy marketings, 1908-1910. <^ 





Average farm 
price in Oregon, 
Washington,and 
Idaho. 


Mean exchange 
spot price at Port- 
land of Club, 
Bluestem, and 
Red Russian. 


Average 


export value of all kinds 
exported. 




Portland. 


Puget 


Sound. 


Year and month. 


In regions 

of small 

produe- 

tion.6 


In regions 
of large 
produc- 
tion, c 


Price. 


Excess 
over farm 
price for 
regions 
of large 
produc- 
tion. 


Price. 


Excess 
over farm 
price for 
regions 
of large 
produc- 
tion. 


Price. 


Excess 
over farm 
price for 
regions 
of large 
produc- 
' tion. 


1908 


Cents. 
■ 80. 5 
85.0 
84.0 
87.0 
90.0 

95.0 


Cents. 
11. h 

11. b 
78.5 
77.5 
77.5 

83.0 


Cents. 
88.0 
90.0 
89.0 
91.0 
92.0 

95.0 


Cents. 
10.5 
12.5 
10.5 
13.5 
14.5 

12.0 


Cents. 


Cents. 


Cents. 
93.0 
94.0 
94.0 
94.0 
95.0 

92.0 


Cents. 
15.5 




91.0 
90.0 
88.0 
92.0 

94.0 


13.5 
11.5 
10.5 
14.5 

11.0 


16.5 


October 


15.5 


November 


16.5 




17.5 


1909. 
January 


9.0 






Average 


87.9 


78.6 


90.8 


12.2 


d91.0 


dl2.2 


93.7 


15.1 


1909. 


120.0 
99.5 
89. 5 
96.0 

105.5 

108.5 


90.0 
79.0 
81.0 
85.5 
92.0 

97.5 


92.0 
89.0 
93.0 
100.0 
111.0 

112.0 


2.0 
10.0 
12.0 
14.5 
19.0 

14.5 






98.0 
98.0 
93.0 
94.0 
108.0 

98.0 


8.0 


September. . 


93.0 
85.0 
97.0 
102.0 

104.0 


14.0 
4.0 
11.5 
10.0 

6.5 


19.0 


October 


12.0 


November 


8.5 


December 


16.0 


1910. 
January 


.5 






Average 


103. 2 


87.5 


99.5 


12.0 


d96.2 


d9.2 


98.2 


10.7 


1910. 


94.5 
94.5 
92.0 
91.5 


81.0 
78.5 
75.5 
73.0 


90.0 
86.0 
84.0 
78.0 


9.0 
7.5 
8.5 
5.0 






96.0 
93.0 
89.0 
88.0 


15.0 




91.0 
89.0 
82.0 


12.5 
13.5 
9.0 


14.5 


October 


13.5 


November 


15.0 






Average 


93.1 


77.0 


84.5 


7.5 


e87.3 


ell. 6 


91.5 


14.5 



<i Mean farm price for each month was computed from the farm prices for the first day of the month named 
and the first day of the following month, as reported by the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department 
of Agriculture. 

6 For list of counties see note 6, Table 30, p. 46. 

« For list of counties see note b, Table 29, p. 45. 

d Average for September-January only; corresponding average for farm prices in regions of large produc- 
tion, in 1908-9, 78.8 cents; in 1909-iO, 87 cents. 

« Average for September-November only; corresponding average for farm prices in regions of large pro- 
duction, 75.7 cents. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



53 



SELECTED CARGOES. 



To determine an approximate margin between the Pacific coast 
wholesale market and England the following method was adopted: 
The actual price as quoted in England for each of 10 selected cargoes 
of specific kinds of wheat of the crop of 1909 was compared (Table 35) 
with the lowest and highest market prices of about, if not exactly, 
the same kind of wheat as quoted at Portland for a period of six weeks 
prior to the sailing of the vessel. The English quotations include 
marine insurance and ocean freight and refer to sales made "to arrive." 
Such sales may be made as soon as the bill of lading is issued to the 
exporter, or they may occur just before the ship reaches its des- 
tination. Occasionally, if not frequently, the same cargo may be 
sold two or more times in transit. 

According to Table 35 the average excess of the English price 
over the exchange price at Portland for these 10 cargoes ranged 
from about 20 to about 28 cents per bushel. These differences are 
sufficient to allow for freight and marine insurance from Portland to 
Liverpool, the sum of wliich items in the year ending June 30, 1910, 
was from about 14 to about 23 cents per bushel. 

Table 35. — Prices paid in England for 10 selected cargoes of wheat shipped from Port- 
land, compared with spot prices at Portland, crop of 1909. 

[Prices in cents per bushel of 60 pounds.] 





Date of 
ship- 
ment. 


Price of 
cargo as 
quoted in 
England.^ 


Price of about same kind of wheat at Portland. 


Kind of wheat in cargo. 


Period of 
six weeks 
ending— 6 


Price, c 


Excess in England 
over Portland. 




Lowest. 


Highest. 


Largest. 


Smallest. 


White Walla Walla 


1909. 
Oct. 4 
Oct. 14 
Oct. 22 
Oct. 22 
Oct. 26 

JNov. 4 

Nov. 10 

JDec. 2 

Dec. 14 
Dec. 15 


116.8 
116.8 
118.3 
116.1 
109.5 

115.3 

115.0 

116.1 

114.6 
116.1 


1909. 
Oct. 5 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 19 
Oct. 19 
Oct. 26 

Nov. 2 

Nov. 9 

Nov. 30 

Dee. 14 
Dec. 14 


84 
82 
86 
87 
86 

87 

86 

97 

92 
95 


89 
88 
90 
92 
90 
92 
92 
109 

106 
108 


32.8 
34.8 
32.3 
29.1 
23.5 

28.3 

29.0 

19.1 

22.6 
21.1 


27 8 


No. 1 Red Walla Walla 


28.8 


No. 1 Red Walla Walla 


28.3 


White Walla Walla 


24 1 


Red WaUa WaUa 

White Walla Walla (half cargo). 
Red Walla Walla (half cargo). . . 
Red Walla Walla 


19.5 
23.3 
23.0 


Bluestem (half cargo) 




Walla Walla (half cargo) 

Red Walla Walla 


8.6 


Walla Walla 


8.1 








115.5 


88 


96 


27.5 


19.5 











a Dornbusch's Floating Cargoes Evening List (London). These prices include ocean freight and marine 
insurance. 
b Quotations taken for one day (Tuesday) of each week, 
c Morning Oregonian (Portland). 

CONDITIONS IN CALIFORNIA. 



The monthly farm prices of wheat in California (Table 36) were 
computed by the same method used for the Pacific Northwest in 
Table 34 and described on page 52. According to Table 36 the 



54 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



average of the highest prices quoted for No. 1 Wliite wheat on the 
San Francisco Merchants' Exchange for the six months beginning 
August, 1908, exceeded the corresponding average farm price in 
regions of large production in California by 9 cents per bushel, 
and for the six months of the following year, 9.4 cents per bushel. 
The seasonal averages for the lowest prices of No. 1 White wheat at 
San Francisco were usually not far enough above the average farm 
prices, used in this comparison, to allow for cost of delivering to San 
Francisco. 

One explanation for the failure to secure a better comparison of 
prices in Table 36 may be due to the exchange prices representing 
but one kind and grade, while farm prices were not so restricted in 
their appUcation. 

Table 36. — Comparison of average prices of wheat on farms in California loith exchange 
spot prices of No. 1 White wheat at San Francisco, for seasons of heavy marketings, 
1908 and 1909. a 





Average farm price in 
California. 


Exchange spot price of No. 1 White wheat at 
San Francisco. 


Year and month. 


In regions 
of small 
produc- 
tion.** 


In regions 
of large 
produc- 
tion. c 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Price. 


Excess 
over re- 
gions of 
large pro- 
duction. 


Price. 


Excess 
over re- 
gions of 
large pro- 
duction. 


1908. 


Cents. 
101.0 
103.0 
111.0 
112.0 
106.5 

107.0 


Cents. 
91.0 
94.5 
96.0 
93.5 
90. 5 

101.5 


Cents. 
104.0 
106.0 
104.0 
104.0 
104. 

105.0 


Cents. 
13.0 
11.5 
8.0 
10.5 
7.5 

3.5 


Cents. 
99.0 
99.0 
98.0 
100.0 
100. 

102.0 


Cents. 

8.0 




4.5 




2.0 




6.5 


December. 


3.5 


1909. 


.5 






Average 


106. 8 


95.5 


104.5 


9.0 


99.7 


4.2 






1909. 


119.0 
113.0 
108.5 
112. 5 
120.5 

120.0 


113.0 
104. 
101.0 
105.5 
109.5 

112.5 


120.0 
108.0 
120.0 
111.0 
120. 

123. 


7.0 
4.0 
19.0 

5. 5 
10.5 

10.5 


105.0 
99.0 
99.0 
108.0 
117.0 

114.0 


<J8.0 


September . 


d5.0 




d2.0 




2.5 




7.5 


1910. 


1.5 








115.6 


107.6 


117.0 


9.4 


107.0 


dO.6 







a For source of farm prices, see notea, Table 34. Exchange prices as quoted by San Francisco Merchants' 
Exchange and refer to wheat sold in the sample market. 
b For list of counties, see note 6, Table 30, p. 46. 
c For list of counties, see note b, Table 29, p. 45. 
d Excess of farm price over San Francisco exchange price, as quoted. 



PORTLAND AND SAN FRANCI&CO. 



Prices of Club, Bluestem, and Red Russian wheat are quoted regu- 
larly on the Merchants' Exchange, San Francisco. A fairly satisfac- 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



55 



tory comparison may therefore be made between San Francisco and 
Portland in each of the three kinds of wheat. 



Table 37. — Monthly spot prices of Northern Club, Bluestem, and Red Russian wheat 
at San Francisco and Portland, 1908-1910. 

[Cents per bushel.] 





Club. 


Bluestem. 


Red Russian. 


Mean of the 3 
kinds, San 
Francisco. 


Year and month. 


Port- 
land, 
Oreg.a 


San Fran- 
cisco. 6 


Port- 
land, 
Oreg.o 


San Fran- 
cisco. 6 


Port- 
land, 
Oreg.a 


San Fran- 
cisco. 6 


Price. 


Ex- 




Price. 


Ex- 
cess 
over 
Port- 
land. 


Price. 


Ex- 
cess 
over 
Port- 
land. 


Price. 


Ex- 
cess 
over 
Port- 
land. 


cess 
over 
Port- 
land. 


1908. 
January . . 


84.5 
81.2 
82.6 
84.5 
88.5 
87.0 
85.2 
87.5 
88.2 
88.6 
90.1 
90.8 

92.2 
100.0 
108.4 
117.4 
120.6 
120.6 
117.0 
90.9 
86.9 
90.5 
97.1 
108.0 

109.0 
106 
102.0 
91.1 
83.7 
78.9 
83.6 
87.7 
84.0 
82.6 
77.8 
81.1 


101.3 
100.1 
98.4 
97.7 
99.4 
99.0 
97.7 
99.7 
99.7 
99.7 
99.7 
99.7 

100.5 
106.6 
114.6 
123.0 
128.6 
129.7 
126.4 
105. 7 
99.2 
99.7 
106.4 
115.1 

115.7 


16.8 
18.9 
15.8 
13.2 
10.9 
11.4 
12.5 
12.2 
11.5 
11.1 
9.6 
8.9 

8.3 
6.6 
6.2 
5.6 
8.6 
9.1 
9.4 
14.8 
12.3 
9.2 
9.3 
7.1 

6.7 


86.5 
83.2 
84.6 
87.0 
90.8 
89.7 
87.2 
91.8 
92.4 
93.2 
94.5 
96.7 

103.5 
1U.6 
120.6 
127.5 
132.5 
131.5 
130.0 
96.6 
95.8 
99.5 
107.8 
119.0 

119.0 
114.8 
109.1 
95.6 
87.4 
83.1 
89.0 
96.3 
91.0 
87.2 
80.1 
83.2 


10.5.5 
103.4 
100.3 
100.3 
101.0 
102.7 
101.5 
105.0 
105.0 
105.0 
105.0 
106.1 

107.6 
116.5 
124.2 
132.7 
135.7 
136.5 
136.5 
114.0 
107.3 
109.9 
115.2 
124.8 

126.4 
123.0 
118.1 
105.2 
97.2 
91.3 
97.9 
106.2 
103.5 
98.6 
91.8 
93.6 


19.0 
20.2 
15.7 
13.3 
10.2 
13.0 
14.3 
13.2 
12.6 
11.8 
10.5 
9.4 

4.1 
4.9 
3.6 
5.2 
3.2 
5.0 
6.5 
17.4 
11.5 
10.4 
7.4 
5.8 

7.4 
8.2 
9.0 
9.6 
9.8 
8.2 
8.9 
9.9 
11.9 
11.4 
11.7 
10.4 


82.5 
79.5 
80.6 
82.5 
86.0 
85.6 
83.2 
86.0 

"'86."6' 
87.0 
88.2 

89.8 
96.1 
104.9 
108.2 
118.8 

"'98.'6' 
86.9 
85.0 
88.5 
95.0 
106.0 

107.0 
104.2 
101.1 

89.4 
81.9 
76.8 
81.0 
85.7 
81.8 
81.0 
75.6 
79.5 


97.3 
96.7 
96.5 
96.0 
99.0 
98.4 
96.7 
98. G 
99.0 
99.0 
98.5 
98.3 

98.6 
103.7 
112.7 
120.4 
124.8 
125.3 
125.3 
105.0 
97.3 
98.6 
103.9 
112.5 

113.8 
112.2 
108.7 
97.9 
89.8 
85.4 
90.2 
98.6 
96.4 
90.4 
87.2 
88.1 


14.8 
17.2 
15.9 
13.5 
13.0 
12.8 
13.5 
12.6 

"i3.'6' 
11.5 
10.1 

8.8 
7.6 
7.8 
12.2 
6.0 

"27.'3' 
18.1 
12.3 
10.1 
8.9 
6.5 

6.0 
8.0 
7.6 
8.5 
7.9 
8.6 
9.2 
12.9 
14.6 
9.4 
11.6 
8.6 


101.4 
100.1 
98.4 
98.0 
99.8 
100.0 
98.6 
101.1 
101.2 
101.2 
101.1 
101.4 

102.2 
108.9 
117.2 
125. 4 
129.7 
130.5 
129.4 
108.2 
101.3 
102.7 
108.5 
117.5 

118.6 


16.9 


February 


18.8 


March . / 


15.8 


April 


13.3 


May 


11.4 


June 


12.4 


July 


13.4 


August 


12.7 


September 




October 


11.9 


November 


10.6 


December 


9.5 


1909. 
January 


7.0 


February 


6.3 


March 


5.9 


April.. . 


7.7 


May 


5.7 


June 




July 


14.4 


August 


16.7 


September 

October 


12.0 
9.9 


November 


8.5 


December 


6.5 


1910. 
J anuary 


6.9 


February 




March 










April 


99.9 
92.4 
86.6 
91.7 
99.2 
97.1 
92.2 
87.4 
89.4 


8.8 
8.7 
7.7 
8.1 
11.5 
13.1 
9.6 
9.6 
8.3 


101.0 
93.1 
87.8 
93.3 

101.3 
99.0 
93.7 
88.8 
90.4 


9.6 


May 


8.8 


June 


8.2 


July 

August . 


8.8 
11.4 


September 


13.2 


October 


10.1 


November 


11.0 


December 


9.1 






Average, 12 months 
ending Decem- 
ber— 

1908 . . 


86.6 
104.1 
89.0 


99.3 
113.0 


12.7 
8.9 


89.8 
114.7 
94.7 


103.4 
121.7 
104. 4. 


13.6 
7.0 
9.7 


"'87.'i' 


97.8 
110.7 
96.6 


''9."5' 


100.2 
115.1 




1909 




1910 










1 


Average, 12 months 
ending June— 

1909 

1910 


99.1 
96.8 


108.4 


9.3 


106.9 
104.8 


115.1 
114.1 


8.2 
9.3 


"93.'3' 


106.3 
104.2 


"W.9 


109.9 








1 



a Compiled from quotations in the Morning Oregonian (Portland). 

b Compiled from quotations in the Examiner and the Chronicle (both of San Francisco). 



56 MAHKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 

Average prices for each month of the three calendar years ending 
with 1910 are shown in Table 36; and the differences between the 
two markets for Club wheat ranged from 5.6 cents to 18.9 cents per 
bushel; for Bluestem, from 3.2 cents to 20.2 cents per bushel; and 
for Red Russian from 6 cents to 27.3 cents per bushel. Taking a 
mean of all three kinds of wheat, the excess of San Francisco price 
over Portland ranged from 5.7 to 18.8 cents per bushel; this generally 
exceeded the freight charge between these two markets, as quoted 
in Table 49. Owing to the fact that a large portion of the wheat 
handled by large dealers is bought by them directly from the 
farmer, the prices at Portland may be, to a greater or less extent, 
different from the actual prices paid for the wheat shipped to San 
Francisco. On the other hand, the San Francisco buyer may have 
local agents not only in California but throughout the Pacific North- 
west, and part of his purchases may be made directly from farmers 
in Oregon, Washington, or Idaho, and sold directly to California 
millers. In such cases the prices would not be a matter of pubHc 
record. Hence it may be assumed that the differences between San 
Francisco and Portland prices, as shown in Table 38, are to be taken 
merely as approximate. 

PRICES IN ENGLAND. 

The average import value of wheat in the United Kingdom includes 
cost, insurance, and freight; hence the import values of wheat 
from the various countries shown in Table 38 are on a common 
basis as to place of delivery. The period of highest prices for wheat 
imported into the United Kingdom during 1891-1908 was the three 
years ending with 1908. 

In this three-year period, the average import value in the United 
Kingdom of wheat from Australia was 103.9 cents per bushel; from 
Chile, 103.6; British India, 102.1; Russia, 102.1; United States ports 
not on the Pacific coast, 102; Canada, 101.2; United States Pacific 
coast ports, 100.1; Roumania, 98.9; Argentina, 98.1; and from New 
Zealand, 91 cents per bushel. The relative position as to average 
value of the imports from these countries changes from time to time. 
For the period 1891-1895 the average import value of wheat from 
the United States Pacific coast was 93 cents, and was higher than 
that for any other country listed in Table 38, except Australia. 

These differences in value do not necessarily represent difterences 
in the quality of wheat from different countries; there may be 
differences in value due to prices being higher during the season of 
the year in which some countries place their wheat on the English 
market than in the season when wheat from other countries arrive^. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION". 



57 



Table 38. — Average yearly prices of wheat in California, Oregon, Washington, and 
Idaho and average import values in the United Kingdom, 1891-1908. 

[Cents per bushel of 60 pounds.] 





Farm 




Average import value in United Kingdom, 


year ending Dec. 31, wheat 




price, 












from— c 












Dec. 1 
of pre- 
ced- 


Aver- 












































ing 


age 
export 
























Cali- 


value. 






















Year. 


fornia, 
Ore- 
gon, 

Wash- 
ing- 
ton, 
and 
Ida- 
ho." 


ending 
June 
30, at 
Pacific 
ports.6 


Pacific 

coast 
ports. 
United 
States. 


Other 
ports. 
United 
States. 


Argen- 
tina. 


Aus- 
tralia. 


Can- 
ada. 


Chile. 


British 
India. 


New 
Zea- 
land. 


Rou- 
mania. 


Rus- 
sia. 


1891 


75.8 
89.4 
65.6 
52.7 
50.6 
54.9 
79.5 
75.7 
60.3 
56.1 
54.4 
54.1 
70.9 
77.7 
82.2 
69.9 
67.3 
80.6 


85.5 
100.3 
76.8 
60.5 
50.5 
60.0 
76.4 
85.6 
64.6 
59.2 
59.9 
62.9 
76.2 
79.6 
88.2 
76.3 
71.9 
91.0 


121.0 

107.1 
88.1 
73.3 
75.3 
82.1 
94.4 

106.1 
87.1 
88.4 
86.8 
89.4 
92.6 
93.6 
95.9 
93.9 
96.5 

109.8 


118.9 
100.6 
84.5 
72.0 
74.0 
82.6 
100.4 
105.1 
89.2 
90.5 
86.8 
86.3 
90.5 
92.8 
96.5 
93.1 
102.7 
110.3 


116.3 
96.2 
80.8 
66.7 
72.0 
76.1 
89.2 

114.7 
83.2 
85.8 
86.0 
88.4 
86.8 
91.5 
92.8 
90.7 
95.7 

107.9 


122.5 
107.7 
93.3 
73.5 
75.9 
83.4 

"97 .'s' 

88.4 
92.0 
88.1 
92.6 
100.4 
95.2 
98.5 
94.9 
102.5 
114.4 


117.6 

97.2 
84.5 
71.4 
78.7 
78.7 
101.4 
101.4 
89.4 
90.7 
86.3 
87.3 
90.2 
93.9 
96.5 
93.1 
103.8 
106.6 


117.3 
101.7 
81.3 
71.4 
76.1 
80.0 
95.7 
106.6 
82.6 
90.5 

"88." i' 
91.2 
93.3 
92.3 
92.8 
111.3 
106.6 


110.3 
100.4 
82.1 
69.6 
69.3 
77.2 
110.0 
97.2 
84.5 
93.3 
80.8 
86.6 
86.3 
86.8 
90.2 
89.2 
102.5 
114.7 


125.4 
99.9 
84.7 
80.0 
74.3 

'i2i.'2' 
85.5 
87.1 

84.7 
89.7 
58.7 
89.9 
91.5 
97.8 
84.2 


112. 1 

87.6 
79.0 
69.1 
69.3 
81.9 
90.7 

108.7 
89.7 
90.5 
80.8 
83.7 
87.6 
89.4 
94.4 
88.1 
91.8 

116.8 


115.2 


1892 


87.9 


1893 


80.3 


1894 


66.5 


1895 


68.6 


1896 


78.5 


1897 


94.1 


1898 


106.4 


1899 


87.1 


1900 


88.9 


1901 


85.8 


1902 


85.5 


1903 


88.1 


1904 


93.6 


1905 


90.5 


1906 


90.7 


1907 . . .. 


99.3 


1908 


116.3 






Average: 


























1891-1895... 


66.8 


74.7 


93.0 


90.0 


86.4 


94.6 


89.9 


89.6 


86.3 


92.9 


83.4 


83.7 


1896-1900. . . 


65.3 


69.2 


91.6 


93.6 


89.8 


d90.4 


92.3 


91.1 


92.4 


e97.9 


92.3 


91.0 


1901-1905... 


67.9 


73.4 


91.7 


90.6 


89.1 


95.0 


90.8 


/91.2 


86.1 


82.9 


87.2 


89.9 


1906-1908. . . 


72.6 


79.7 


100.1 


102.0 


98.1 


103.9 


101.2 


103.6 


102.1 


91.0 


98.9 


102.1 



a Reports of the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture, 
ft Annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 

c Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. 
No separate returns for Pacific ports of the United States subsequent to 1908. 
d Average, 1896 and 1897-1900. 
e Average, 1897-1900. 
/Average, 1902-1905. 

PRICES OF LIVE STOCK. 

As live stock on the Pacific coast is sold generally on the farm or 
range, quotations of market prices are obtainable only for a small 
part of the trade. Prices at San Francisco for each month in 1909 
and 1910, and at Portland from September, 1909, the month in 
which the stockyards at that city were opened, to December, 1910, 
inclusive, are summarized in Tables 39 and 40. During the four 
months ending with December, 1910, prices for cattle and hogs were 
generally higher than for the corresponding period of 1909, while 
prices for sheep and lambs were about the same. 



58 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 39. — Prices of live stock at San Francisco, one day each month from January, 

1909, to December, 1910 fl 

[Per 100 pounds gross weight.] 





Cattle. 


Sheep, prime wethers. 






Date. 


No. 1 prime 
steers, over 
1,250 pounds. 


Medium to 
fair steers. 


Stockcrs and 
feeders. 


Small. 


Large. 


Hogs, hard- 
grain fed. 




Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


1909. 

January 9 

February 6 


$3.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.50 
4.00 
3.75 
3.75 
4. 125 
4. 125 
4.125 
4.50 


$4.00 
5.00 
5.00 
4.75 
4.50 
4.25 
4.00 
4.00 
4.25 
4.25 
4.25 
4.50 


$3.50 
4.25 
4.25 
4.25 
4.00 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.75 
3.75 
3.75 
4.00 


$3.75 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.25 
4.00 
3.75 
3.75 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.50 


.$3. 25 
3.25 
3.25 
3.25 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 


$3.25 
3.25 
3. 25 
3.25 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.50 
3. .50 
3.50 
3.50 










$5. 50 
5.25 
6.00 
6.25 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
7.00 
7.00 
7.00 
7.00 
7. 125 


$6.25 
6.50 


March 6 










6.75 


Aprils 

May 1 


S4. 50 
4.25 
4.00 
3.75 
3.75 
4.25 
4.50 
4.75 
5.00 


$5.00 
4.50 
4.25 
4.00 
4.00 
4.50 
4.75 
5.00 
5.50 


$4.00 
4.00 
3.75 
3.25 
3.25 
3. 75 
4.00 
4.25 
4.50 


$4.50 
4.25 
4.00 
3.50 
3.50 
4.00 
4.25 
4.50 
5.00 


7.00 
7.25 


June 5 


7.25 


Julys 


7.25 


August 7 

September 11.. 

October 2 

November 6 

December 4 


7.75 
7.50 
7.25 
7.50 

7.75 


Range 


3.75 


5.00 


3.50 


4.50 


3.00 


3.50 


3.75 


5.50 


3.25 


5.00 


5.25 


7.75 


1910. 

January 1 

February 5 

March 5 

April 2. . 


4.50 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.50 
4.50 
5.25 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 


4.50 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
4.75 
4.75 
5.50 
5.25 
5.25 
5.25 
5.25 


4.00 
4.25 
5.25 
5.25 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 


4.50 
4.75 
5.50 
5.50 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 
4.75 


3.50 
3. .50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
4.25 
4.25 
4.25 
4.25 


3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
.3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 


5.00 

0.50 

7.25 

6. 75 

6 5.50 

6 5.50 

6 5.25 

6 5.50 

6 5.50 

6 5.25 

5.25 

5.25 


5.50 

7.00 

7.50 

7.00 

6 5.75 

6 5.75 

6 5.75 

6 5.75 

6 5.75 

6 5.75 

5.50 

5.50 


4.50 

0.00 

6.75 

6.25 

6 5.00 

6 5.00 

6 5.00 

6 5.00 

6 5.00 

6 5.00 

4.50 

4.50 


5.00 

6.50 

7.00 

0.50 

6 5.25 

6 5. 25 

6 5.25 

6 5.25 

6 5.25 

6 5.25 

4.75 

4.75 


7.75 

8.50 

9.00 

9.75 

9.25 

9.125 

9.00 

9.25 

9.25 

9.00 

8.75 

7.00 


8.50 
9.25 
9.75 
10 50 


May 7 


9.75 


June 4 


9.50 


July 2 


9.50 


August 6 

September 3 . . . 

October 1 

November 5 

December 3 


10.00 
9.50 
9.50 
9. 25 
8.00 


Range.... 


4.50 


5.50 


4.00 


5.50 


3.50 


4.50 


5.00 


7.50 


4.50 


7.00 


7.00 


10.50 



o Compiled from Butchers' and Stockgrowers' Journal (San Francisco). 

6 For shorn wethers; quotations not having this note are not specifiod in the original as applying either 
to "wool" or "shorn " wethers. 

Table 40. — Prices of live stock at Union Stockyards, Portland, one day each month 
from September, 1909, to December, 1910fi 







[Per 100 pounds. 














Date. 


Cattle; best 

and ordinary 

steers. 


Calves; best 
and ordinary. 


Sheep; 
sheared best 

yearling 
wethers and 
old wethers. 


Lambs. 


Hogs, "best 
east of the 

mountains" 
and fancy. 




Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


Low. 


High. 


1909. 
September 7 


$4.00 
3.75 
3.75 
4.25 
3.75 
4.25 
4.50 
4.50 

4.75 
4.75 
4.90 
5.00 
5.50 
5.85 


$4.50 
4.25 
4.25 
4.75 
4.25 
4.50 
4.75 
4.75 

5.00 
5.35 
6.00 
5.65 
5.75 
6.25 


$4.25 
3.00 
4.00 
3.00 
3.50 
3.50 
3.00 
3.00 

3.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
6.00 


$5.50 
5.00 
5.25 
5.50 
5.25 
5.25 
5.25 
5.50 

5.50 
0.00 
6.00 
0.00 
6.00 
7.00 


$3.75 
3.75 
4.25 
4.25 
4.00 
4.00 
4.50 
5.00 

5.00 
5.00 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 


$4.00 
4.00 
4.50 
4.50 
4.25 
4.50 
4.75 
5.50 

5. 50 
5.50 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 


$5.00 
5.25 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 

"5." so" 

6.00 
6.00 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 


$5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.25 
5.25 
5.25 
6.00 
6.00 

0.25 
6.25 
6.75 
6.75 
0.75 
6.75 


$8.00 
7.75 
7.75 
7.75 
7.50 
7.95 
8.10 
8.65 

8.75 
9.00 
8.50 
9.00 
9.75 
11.00 


$8.50 


September 21 


8.00 


October 5 


8.00 


October 19 


8.00 


November 2 


7.85 


November 16 


8.10 


December 7 


8.25 


December 17 


8.85 


1910. 
January 4 


8.85 


January 18 


9.25 


February 1 


9.00 


February 15 


9.25 


March 1 


10.10 


March 15 


11.10 



o Quotations of prices from the Oregon Daily Journal (Portland). 



IN" THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



59 



Table 40. — Prices of live stock at Union Stockyards, Portland, one day each month from 
September, 1909, to December, 1910 — Continued. 



Date. 



1910. 

Aprils 

April 19 

May 3 

May 17 

June? 

June 21 

Julys 

July 19 

August 2 

August 16 

September 6 

September 20 

October 4 

October 18 

November 8 

November 22 

December 6 

December 20 

Range, four months: 

September-Deceraber,1909 

January- April, 1910 

May-August, 1910 

September-December,1910. 



Cattle; best 

and ordinary 

steers. 



Low. 



$6.50 
6.40 
6.25 
6.00 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.25 
5.70 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.25 
5.25 
5.50 
5.50 



3.75 
4.75 
5.00 
5.00 



High. 



S7.00 
6.85 
6.50 
6.15 
5.75 
5.60 
5.50 
5.50 
6.00 
5.25 
5.25 
5.75 
5.50 
5.50 
5.75 
5.55 
5.75 
6.50 



Calves; best 
and ordinary. 



Low. 



4.75 
7.00 
6.50 
6.50 



$6.00 
6.00 
5.50 
6.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.50 
5.60 
6.60 
6.50 
6.00 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 



3.00 
3.00 
5.50 
6.00 



High. 



$7.00 
7.00 
6.50 
7.00 
6.50 
6. 75 
6.50 
6.50 
6.75 
7.75 
6.75 
7.00 
7.00 
7.10 
7.00 
7.50 
7.00 
7.00 



5.50 
7.00 

7.75 
7.50 



Sheep; 
sheared best 

yearling 
wethers and 
old wethers. 



Low. 



$8.25 
5.50 
5.25 
4.75 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.25 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.50 
4.50 



3.75 
5.00 
3.00 
4.00 



High. 



$8.90 
6.00 
5.75 
5.00 
4.85 
4.75 
4.40 
4.00 
4.35 
4.25 
4.25 
4.25 
4.25 
4.25 
4.75 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 



5.50 
8.90 
5.75 
5.00 



Lambs. 



Low. High 



S7.00 



5.75 
6.00 



4.50 
4.50 
5.00 
5.25 
5.00 
4.50 
4. 85 
5.00 



5.00 
6.00 
4.50 
4.50 



$12. 60 
7.50 
7.50 
7.00 
6.00 
6.10 
5.75 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
5.75 
5.50 
5. 25 
5. 25 
5.00 
5.25 
5.50 
5.75 



6.00 

12.00 

7.50 

5.75 



Hogs, " best 
east of the 

motm tains ' ' 
and fancy. 



Low. High 



$11.00 
10.40 
10.25 
10.50 
9.50 
9.70 
9.75 
10.15 
10.15 
9.60 
10.00 
10.50 
10.00 
9.50 
9.40 
9.00 
7.80 
8.00 



7.50 
8.50 
9.60 
7.80 



$11.15 
11. 15 
10.60 
10.55 
9.80 
9.85 
10.00 
10.35 
10.25 
9.75 
10.40 
10.70 
10.25 
9.85 
9.50 
9.25 
8.10 
8.85 



8.85 
11.15 
10.60 
10.70 



FREIGHT RATES. 



AVERAGE RAILROAD RATES. 

The railroad freight rates on grain and live stock to principal 
Pacific coast terminals have been secured for a large number of ship- 
ping points, and weighted averages computed. It will be noted in 
Table 41 that the rates on grain from 920 stations in Oregon, Wash- 
ington, and Idaho to Portland averaged $2.81 per short ton, wliile 
the average from 412 stations in the same States to Seattle and 
Tacoma was $3.26. This difference between Portland and the Puget 
Sound cities does not represent an advantage of the former city over 
the others. As a rule, the rates to Portland, Seattle, and Tacoma 
from the principal points in the grain-producing regions of the upper 
Columbia and Snake Rivers are the same. The reason for the differ- 
ence shown in Table 41 is that the same stations were not taken to 
compute both averages. 

West of the Rocky Mountains rates on live stock are regularly 
quoted on the basis of a car of standard length and not upon the 
weight of the animals loaded therein. In case it is desired to esti- 
mate the rate per 100 pounds for any kind of live stock carried over a 
route mentioned in Table 41 some assistance may be had from Table 
42, which shows the average number of live stock per car as received 
at Portland during three months and from Table 43, which gives the 
average weight per head of different kinds of live stock sold at that 
market. 



60 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table A1.— Railroad freight rates on grain and live stock over selected routes in Pacific 

coast States, June, 1910.<^ 





Shipping points. 


Rate. 


Commodity aud destination. 


States. 


Number 

of 
stations. 


Lowest. 


Highest. 


Average. 


Grain. 
Seattle and Tacoma 


Oregon, Washington, and 
Idaho. 


412 

444 
920 

296 
443 
362 
358 
432 

509 

508 

473 

71 

31 

1,188 

343 
39 
56 
44 

509 

508 

475 

71 

29 

1,186 

343 
39 
57 
24 

509 

508 

475 

71 

29 

1,186 

343 
39 
57 
26 

545 

544 

475 

71 

29 

1, 186 

343 

39 
57 
26 


Per short 
ton. 
$0.70 

7.00 
.60 

7.00 
4.00 
.50 
.45 
.60 

Per car.b 
12.00 

12.00 
111. 60 

232. 30 
253. 00 

8.90 

111. 60 

233. 50 
12.10 
12.50 

10.40 

10.40 

97.00 

203.00 

222. 40 

7.80 

97.00 

203. 00 

12.10 

62.00 

10.40 

10.40 

97.00 

203.00 

222. 40 

7.80 

97.00 

203. 00 

8.47 

50.00 

10.40 

10.40 

97.00 

203. 00 

222. 40 

7.80 

97.00 

203.00 

12.10 

50.00 


Per short 
ton. 
$5.00 

9.00 
5.40 

9.00 

8.00 

11.10 

10.10 

9.80 

Per car.b 
117. 96 

117. 96 
232. 30 
269.00 
276.00 
117. 10 

232. 30 

264. 00 

142.50 

96.00 

110. 16 

110.16 
202. 00 
234. 00 
240. 00 
101. SO 

202. 00 

229. 60 

127. 50 

70.00 

110. 10 

110. 16 
202. 00 
234. 00 
240. 00 
101. 80 

202. 00 
204.00 

100. .50 
53.60 

185. 00 

185.00 
202. 00 
234. 00 
240.00 

101. 80 

202. 00 
204.00 
100. 50 
53. 60 


Per short 
ton. 
$3.26 

7 71 


Do 


Portland 


Oregon, Washington, and 
Idaho. 


2.81 
7 69 


Do 


Do 




4.45 

4 79 


San Francisco 


do . 


Stockton 


do 




Los Angeles 


do 


3 54 


Horses. 
Seattle 


Oregon, Washington, and 

Idaho. 
do 


Per car.b 

82 27 


Tacoma 


81 45 


Seattle and Tacoma 


Montana 


144. 67 


Do 




249 63 


Do 




261 99 


Portland 


Oregon, Washington, and 
Idaho. 


59 68 


Do 


141 75 


Do... 




251 28 


San Francisco . . . 


California 


49 65 


Los Angeles 


do 


61 79 


Cattle. 
Seattle 


Oregon, Washington, and 
Idaho, 
do 


72.52 


Tacoma 


71 80 


Seattle and Tacoma 


Montana. 


126. 11 


Do 


North Dakota 


217 57 


Do 


South Dakota 


2''8 37 


Portland 


Oregon, Washington, and 

Idaho. 
Montana 


53. 34 


Do 


123 ''4 


Do 


North Dakota . . 


218 50 


San Francisco 


California .... 


47.86 


Los Angeles 


do 


66.54 


Sheep. 
Seattle 


Oregon, Washington, and 

Idaho. 
do 


72.52 


Tacoma 


71.80 


Seattle and Tacoma. . . . 


Montana 


126. 11 


Do 




209. 58 


Do 




228. 37 


Portland 


Oregon, Washington, and 
Idaho. 


53. 34 


Do 


123. 24 


Do 


North Dakota . 


203. 95 


San Francisco 


California. 


38.74 


Los Angeles 


do 


50.28 


Hogs. 
Seattle 


Oregon, Washington, and 

Idaho. 
do 


79.18 


Tacoma 


78.52 


Seattle and Tacoma .... 


Montana. 


126. 11 


Do 




209. 58 


Do 


South Dakota 


228. 37 


Portland 


Oregon, Washington, and 

Idaho. 
Montana. 


53.34 


Do 


123. 24 


Do 


North Dakota 


203. 95 


San Francisco 


California 


41.43 


Los Angeles 


.do . . 


50.28 









a Compiled from official tariffs. 
b 36 feet 6 inches long inside. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 61 

Table 42. — Average number of live stock per car as received at Portland for three months."' 



Month. 



Cattle. 



Hogs. 



Sheep. 6 



Horses 

and 
mules. 



October, 1909. 
July, 1910.... 
October, 1910. 



155 
161 
160 



Average c . 



oCompiled from reports of the Union Stockyards, Portland. 
b Usually in double-deck cars. 

cLn computing each of these averages the figures for each month were weighted in proportion to the 
number of cars and the number of animals received that month. 

Table 43. — Average iveight per head of cattle, hogs, lambs, and sheep sold at Union 
Stockyards, Portland, during the year ending September, 1910. <!■ 



Year and month. 



Cattle 
(steers). 



Hogs. 



Lambs. 



Sheep. 



1909. 

October 

November 

December 

1910. 

January 

Febniary 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

Mean 



Pound'!. 
1,035 
1,078 
1,116 



1,153 
1,119 
1,139 
1,087 
1,162 
1,127 
1,140 
1,091 
1,116 



Pounds. 
205 
206 
195 



190 
176 
194 
210 
200 
212 
200 
219 
237 



Pounds. 



Pounds. 
100 
83 
113 



126 
105 
101 

94 
103 

97 
110 

99 
109 



1,114 



204 



69 



103 



a For hogs averages were taken from the First Annual Report of the Portland Union Stockyards, for 
other animals averages were computed from daily reports for the first week each month as given in the 
Oregon Daily Journal (Portland). 

TON-MILE AVERAGES FOR SELECTED RAILROADS. 



For some of the principal railroads serving the Pacific coast region 
statistics are available showing the average rate per ton per mile for 
all grain carried and the average length of haul. On the five railroads 
designated in Table 44 as A, B, C, D, and E the average receipts for 
carrying 1 short ton of grain 1 mile was 1.19 cents, and the average 
distance a ton was carried equaled 216 miles. 

The rate per ton per mile increases as the distance carried grows 
less. For the railroad designated as A in Table 45 the rate per ton- 
mile for grain was from 0.99 to 1.01 cent for distances ranging from 
381 to 400 miles, inclusive, and from 6.25 to 8.89 cents for distances 
not greater than 20 miles. 



62 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 44. — Average freight receipts per ton per mile and average length of haul for grain 
carried in carload lots on five selected railroads in Pacific coast States for the year ending 
June 30, 1909.a 



Railroad. 


Receipts 
per ton 
per mile. 


Average 

length of 

haul. 


A 


Cents. 
1.25 
1.46 


Miles. 
227 
168 


B..-- --- 


C 


A and B 


1.30 


209 




1.12 
1.91 

.88 


214 
51 
451 


D 


E. 


All 5 railroads 


1.19 


216 



oCompiled from official reports made to the Interstate Commerce Commission. The raUroad indicated 
here by A is the same as A in Table 45. 

Table 45. — Average freight rates per ton per mile for different distances for grain carried 
on three railroads to Portland from points in Oregon and Washington, 1910. (>■ 





Railroad. 


Miles 
from 
Port- 
land. 


Railroad. 


Miles 
from 
Port- 


Low- 
est. 


\. 


F. 


G. 


A. 


F. 


G. 


land. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


1-20 

21-40 


CIS. 
6.25 
5.00 
2.50 


Cts. 
8.89 
5.00 
2.50 


Cts. 
8.00 
3.68 


Cts. 
8.00 
4.55 


Cts. 
7.69 
4.55 
3.21 
2.63 
2.24 


Cts. 

15.00 
4.55 
3.21 
2.63 
2.24 


201-220.. 
221-240. . 
241-260. . 
261-280. . 
281-300. . 
301-320. . 
321-340. . 
341-360.. 
361-380. . 
381-400.. 


Cts. 
1.27 
1.19 
1.19 
1.19 
1.17 
1.13 
1.09 
1.05 
1.02 
.99 


Cts. 
1.34 
1.19 
1.21 
1.20 
1.19 
1.16 
1.10 
1.08 
1.04 
1.01 


Cts. 
1.27 


Cts. 
1.27 


Cts. 
1.74 
1.63 


Cts. 
1.74 
L63 


41-60 


1.13 


1.13 




61-80 


2.21 
2.37 
1.68 
1.69 
1.52 
1.48 


2.21 
2.45 
2.56 
2.44 
1.52 
1.48 






81-100 . . 


1.78 
1.71 
1.65 
1.60 
1.53 
1.42 


1.89 
1.80 
1.68 
1.63 
1.55 
1.42 


1.05 


1.05 






101-120 


1.31 


1.31 


121-140 


1.95 
1.81 
1.79 
1.81 


1.95 
1.82 
1.80 


.95 
.89 
.91 


.95 
.89 
.91 




141-160 






161-180. 






181-200. . 





















oCompiled from official tariffs. The railroad indicated here by A is the same as A in Table 44. 
ELECTRIC RAILROADS. 



The rates charged by interurban electric Unes for carrying grain 
and Uve stock in the Pacific coast region are ilhistrated by the figures 
in Table 46. All the rates in this table apply to local traffic confined 
to the line on which it originates and represent conditions on purely 
electric routes. 

Many of the electric roads of this region make joint rates with con- 
necting steam roads or steamboat lines, thus facilitating long-distance 
traffic. 



IlSr THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



63 



Table 46. — Freight rates for grain and live stock carried in carload lots on electric rail- 
roads in Pacific coast States over selected routes, May, WlOA 





Grain. 


Cattle and horses. 


Hogs and sheep. 


Destination and distance. 


1 


Rate per ton 
(2,000 pounds). 


O to 


Rate per car (36§ 
feet long). 


g 
3 


Rate per car (364 
feet long). 




1 
o 


1 

5 


> 
< 


a 

u o 

X! 

a 

3 


h1 




6jO 

2 
< 


1 

3 


XJ 
bO 


§ 
> 
< 


To Los Angeles from points 
distant— 
1 10 miles 


3 
3 

2 
3 


$0.75 
.85 

1.00 
1.00 


$0.75 

.85 

1.00 
1.00 


$0.75 
.85 

1.00 
1.00 


1 


$5.90 


$5.90 


$5.90 










11-20 miles 










To Sacramento from points 
distant — 
11-20 miles 


















21-30 miles 


1 


17.00 


17.00 


17.00 


1 


$13.00 


$13.00 


$13.00 


31-40 miles 




41-50 miles 


4 
2 
2 
3 
1 

1 

4 
9 
8 
6 

9 
8 
7 
3 

15 
16 
14 
16 
11 
11 
9 
6 
3 


1.00 
1.70 
1.75 
1.75 
1.95 

1.60 

.60 

.80 

.80 

1.00 

.60 

.80 

.80 

1.00 

.60 
.80 
1.20 
1. 10 
1.80 
1.80 
2.00 
2.20 
2.20 


1.65 
1.75 
1.85 
1.95 
1.95 

1.60 

.60 

.80 

1.00 

1.00 

.80 

.80 

1.00 

1.00 

.60 
1.20 
1.40 
1.80 
1.80 
2.00 
2.20 
2.20 
2.25 


1.31 
1.72 
1.80 
1.85 
1.95 

1.60 

.60 

.80 

.95 

1.00 

.64 

.80 

.91 

1.00 

.60 
.94 
1.34 
1.58 
1.80 
1.93 
2.11 
2.20 
2.23 


1 

2 
1 
1 
1 

1 


20.00 
25.00 
31.00 
35.00 
38.00 

18.92 


20.00 
28. 00 
31.00 
35. 00 
38.00 

18.92 


20.00 
26.50 
31.00 
35.00 
38.00 

18.92 


1 

2 

1 
1 
1 

1 


16.00 
20.00 
24.00 
28.00 
30.00 

18.92 


16. 00 
22. 00 
24.00 
28. 00 
30.00 

18.92 


16.00 


51-€0 miles 


21.00 


61-70 miles 


24.00 


71-80 miles 


28.00 


81-90 miles 


30.00 


To Portland from points dis- 
tant— 
41-50 miles 


18.92 


To Tacoma from points dis- 
tant— 
1-10 miles . 




11-20 miles 


















21-30 miles 


















31— 10 miles 


















To Seattle from points dis- 
tant— 
1-10 miles 


















11-20 miles 


















21-30 miles 


















31-40 miles 


















To Spokane from points dis- 
tant — 
1-10 miles ; 


15 
16 
14 
16 
11 
11 
9 
6 
3 


10.00 
12.00 
14. 00 
18. 50 
21.60 
23.20 
25.00 
29.00 
29.00 


10.00 
14.00 
18.50 
23.00 
29.00 
29.00 
29.00 
29.00 


10.00 
12. 86 


15 
16 


10.00 
12.00 
14.00 
18. .50 
21.60 
23. 20 
25.00 
29.00 
29.00 


10.00 
14.00 
18.50 
23.00 
29.00 
29.00 
29.00 
29.00 
29.00 


10.00 


11-20 miles 


12.86 


21-30 miles ... . 


16.66 1 14 


16.66 


31-40 miles 


21.27 
23.00 
26.67 
28.61 
2Q no 


16 
11 
11 
9 
6 
3 


21.27 


41-50 miles . 


23.00 


51-tiO miles 


26.67 


61-70 miles 


28.61 


71-80 miles 


29.00 


81-90 miles 


29.00 1 29.00 


29.00 






1 





o Compiled from official tariffs. 
CHARGES BY RIVER. 

Freight rates charged by steamboat Unes for carrying grain to 
Portland and to three California markets are shown in Table 47. On 
the upper Sacramento River the rate from Red Bluff, the head of 
navigation, to San Francisco, a distance of about 387 miles, was in 
1910 equivalent to 9 cents per bushel for wheat or 7.2 cents for 
barley. The rate from Stockton to San Francisco was less than 2 
c.ents per bushel for wheat and slightly more than 1.5 cent for barley. 
River steamers (and the portage railway around the falls) charged for 
wheat 9.6 to 10.5 cents per bushel between Lewiston, Idaho, and 
Portland. 



64 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 47. — Freight rates on ivheat and barley carried on inland watenvays in the Pacific 

coast region, 1910.°' 



Route. 


Per ton 

(2,000 

pounds). 


Cents per bushel. 


Wheat. 


Barley. 


To San Francisco from— 

San Joaquin River and its tributaries- 
Stockton 


Dollars. 

.10. 65 
1.24 

3.00 

2.30 

2.00 

1.25-1.50 

1.10 
1.24 

2.50 
1.25 

1.10 

3.20-3.50 

2.50-2.80 

1.50 


Cents. 
1.95 
3.72 

9.00 

6.90 

6.00 

3.75-1.50 

3.30 
3.72 

7.50 
3.75 

3.30 

9.60-10.50 

7.50- 8.40 

4.50 


Cents. 
1 56 


Average, 94 landings 


2 98 


Sacramento River and its tributaries- 
Upper river- 
Red Bluff 


7 20 


Marysville 


5 52 


Colusa 


4 80 


Sacramento 


3 00-3 60 


Lower river- 
Walnut Grove, Rio Vista, and Courtland 


2.64 


To Stockton from— 
93 landings on San Joaquin River and tributaries (average) 


2.98 


To Sacramento from— 

Upper Sacramento River and its tributaries- 
Red Bluff 


6 00 


Colusa 


3.00 


Lower Sacramento River- 
Walnut Grove, Rio Vista, and Courtland 


2.64 


To Portland from— 


7 08 8.40 


Wallulu, Wash 


6 00-6.72 


The Dalles, Oreg 


3.60 







a As quoted by transportation companies. 



LIVE STOCK FOR ALASKA. 

Conditions of transport are such that high freight rates are paid 
on hve stock over the coastwise routes from Seattle and Tacoma to 
Alaska. The published rates for cattle in June, 1910, ranged from 
$17 per head for shipments to southeastern Alaska to $50 per head 
for cattle sent to Nome, St. Michael, and the other Bering Sea ports 
indicated in Table 48. 

It is reported that the quality of the animals shipped to Alaska is 
high, for it costs as much to ship a poor animal as a good one, and 
the additional price is relatively small compared with the total cost 
of the animal delivered in Alaska. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



65 



Table 48. — Freight rules on live stock carried by coastwise steamers from Tacoma or 
Seattle to Alaska, June, 1910S'' 

[Dollars per head.] 



To- 



$20. 00 , 125. 00 



Southeastern Alaska: 

Ketchikan 

Juneau, Douglas, Tread- 
well, and W range 11 . 

Haines and Skagway.. 

\V rangell common 
points, including 
Prince of Wales Is- 
land 

Juneau common 
points, including 
Sitka 

Skagway common 
points, including 

Pyramid Harbor 

Southwestern Alaska: 

Cordova, Seward, and 
common points 

Port Graham and com- 
mon points 

Hiamna and common 
points 

Kodiak and common 

points I 25.00 

Bering Sea ports': 

Nome, Solomon, Dick- 
son Bluff, and St. 
Michael 

Minor ports (not in- 
cluding lighterage). . . 



Bulls, stal- 
lions, and 

jacks. 



6.0 

oo2 



5 
a 

o 

a . 

2o 



20.00 
20.00 



20.00 

20.00 

20.00 

25.00 
25.00 
25.00 



25.00 
25.00 



25.00 

35.00 
35.00 
35.00 
35.00 



Calves. 



a . 

o2 



$5.00 



5.00 
5.00 



5.00 

5.00 

5.00 

5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 



$10.00 



10.00 
10.00 



So 



Cattle, don- 
keys, and 
Shetland 

ponies (not 
elsewhere 
specified). 



isa 



$17. 00 



17.00 
17.00 



10.00 

10.00 

7.50 
7.50 
7.50 
7.50 



$17.00 



17.00 
17.00 



17.00 

17.00 

17.00 

25.00 
25.00 
25.00 
25.00 



17.00 

30.00 
.30.00 
30.00 
30.00 

< 50.00 

« 50.00 f 50.00 



Colts. 



$10.00 



10.00 
10.00 



10.00 



10.00 

12.00 
12. 00 
12.00 
12.00 



a-« 

J3o 



.$15.00 



15.00 
15.00 



1.5.00 



15.00 

16.00 
16.00 
16.00 
16.00 



$5.00 



5.00 
5.00 



5.00 

5.00 

5.00 

5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 

5.00 
5.00 



$3.00 



3.00 
3.00 



3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 

7.50 
7.50 



a ft 



20.00 
20.00 



20.00 
20.00 
20.00 



$2.00 



2.00 
2.00 



2.00 



/60.00 
/60.00 



2.00 

3.00 
3.50 
4.00 
3.50 

5.00 
5.00 



a As quoted by steamship companies, 
b Under 12 months classed as calves or colts. 
c Over 12 months classed as cattle. 
d Over 12 months classed as horses and mules, 
e Cattle only. 

/ When carried on freight steamers. The rate for horses and mules carried on passenger steamers was 
$75 per head. 

GRAIN FOR ASIA, MEXICO, AND ALASKA. 

A relatively small amount of grain is exported to China and Japan. 
Of the total amount of wheat shipped to foreign and domestic desti- 
nations from Portland and Puget Sound during the four years ending 
June 30, 1909, about 10 per cent was consigned to Asia. In 1910 
the shipments to Asia from these ports amounted to only about 1.5 
per cent of the total. Practically no barley has been exported 
recently from these ports across the Pacific ; hence, many of the rates 
quoted in Table 49 represent either nominal quotations or apply to 
small shipments. The rates to Salina Cruz represent the cost over 
one of the three principal parts of the Tehuantepec route. '^ 



99072°— Bull. 89—11- 



a See p. 18. 



66 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Kates on grain to Alaska are among the highest quoted in the table, 
the charge to southeastern Alaska from Puget Sound being from 
$4 to $9 per ton, and to southwestern Alaska from $11 to $16 per ton, 
while the rate on barley to Bering Sea ports was quoted at $17 per ton, 
equivalent to about 41 cents per bushel. 

All grain rates in this bulletin refer to grain in sacks. Rates on 
flour to the points mentioned in Table 49 were approximately the 
same in most cases as wheat. 

Table 49. — Ocean freight rates on flour and grain from Pacific coast ports of the United 
States over coastwise and trans-Pacific routes, for the year ending June 30, 1910. <^ 



Route. 



From Tacoma and Seattle to — 



Alaska — 

Southeastern ports.. 

Southwestern ports. 

Bering Sea ports 

California — 

San Francisco 

San Pedro 

San Diego 

Hawaii — Honoluki 

Mexico — Salina Cruz 



From Portland to— 

California — San Francisco . 

Hawaii— Honolulu 

Mexico— Salina Cruz 



From San Francisco to- 



Hawaii — Honolulu... 
Mexico — Salina Cruz. 



From San Francisco, Portland, 
Tacoma, and Seattle <o— 



China— Hongkong 

Japan — Yokohama 

Philippine Islands— Manila. 



Flour, per 
ton (2,000 
pounds). 



354. 00-19.00 
11.00-16.00 



2.50 
3.00 
3.50 
3.50 
4.50- 7.00 



2.50 

4.50 

4.50- 9.00 



50- 3. 50 
2.50- 7.00 



3.00 
3.00 
4.00 



Wheat. 



Per ton 

(2,000 

pounds). 



$4.00-$9.00 
11.00-16.00 



4.75- 



2.00 
4.00 
4.00 
3.50 
5.00 



1.25- 2.00 
4.50 

4. 75- 7. 00 



2.50- 3.50 
2. 75- 5. 00 



3.00 
3.00 
4.00 



Equivalent 

rate 
per bushel. 



Barley. 



Per ton 

(2,000 

pounds). 



$0. 12-SO. 27 
.33- .48 



.06 
.12 
.12 
.10 
.14- .15 



.04- .06 

.14 

.14- .21 



.o,s- 

.08- 



.09 
.09 
.12 



S4.00-$9.00 

11.00-16.00 

17.00 

2.00 
4.00 
4.00 
3.50 
4.75-5.00 



4.50 
6.00- 9.00 



2. 50- 3. 50 
4.00- 7.00 



5.50 
5.50 
5.50 



Equivalent 

rate 
per bushel. 



$0. 10-$0. 22 

. 2(>- .38 

.41 

.05 
.10 
.10 
.08 
.11- .12 



.11 

.14- .22 



.06- .08 
.10- .17 



.13 
.13 
.13 



o Rates as quoted by steamship companies. 



UNITED KINGDOM. 



Freight rates to the United Kingdom, the principal destination of 
the wheat exported from the Pacific coast, declined from an average of 5 1 
cents per bushel in 1873-1875 to 15 cents per bushel during the five 
years ending in the summer of 1910. The exports from California 
were relatively unimportant for the last several years mentioned 
in Table 50, but the comparison just made shows a great reduction 
in freiglit within 40 years. Rates from Portland and Puget Sound 
during the last few years shown in the table were approximately 4 
shillings per long ton (about 2^ cents per bushel) more than from 
San Francisco to the same destinations. The traiiic from the northern 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



67 



ports being relatively new, it is not possible to compare recent rates 
with those of the seventies. 

The rates quoted in Table 50 apply to wheat in sacks carried from 
San Francisco to any one of a number of ports in the United Kingdom 
and the northern part of the continent of Europe. Among the ports 
included are practically all those of the United Kuigdom easily 
accessible to deep-draft vessels, also Havre, Antwerp, Dunkirk, and 
Hamburg. 

Table 50. — Ocean freight rates on wheat from San Francisco to the United Kingdom, 

for orders, 1873-1910 a 

[All values are gold.] 



Year ending June— 


Original quotations, shillings 
and pence per ton (2,240 
pounds). 


Equivalent, cents per bushel.6 




Average. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


Highest. 


Lo wrest. 


1873 


s. d. 
85 
82 6 
70 
50 
60 
40 
50 
55 
59 11 
66 5 
45 1 
30 1 

36 1 
30 10 
27 1 

25 10 

30 11 
35 4 
40 4 

31 5 
21 1 

26 5 
26 3 
26 9 

25 

20 8 

26 

37 6 

38 9 
30 
17 3 
14 9 

21 8 

22 6 

23 
23 9 
23 6 
23 9 


s. d. 
113 
105 
91 6 
62 6 
72 6 
50 

60 
70 
84 
86 6 

61 3 
57 6 
47 6 

37 6 

34 

32 6 
42 6 
41 3 
45 
50 
28 9 

35 6 

35 

38 9 
31 3 

36 3 

33 9 
41 3 
50 
.38 9 
28 
18 9 

24 3 
23 9 
23 9 

25 

26 3 
25 


s. d. 
60 
70 
40 
40 
37 6 
32 6 

30 
39 
57 6 
43 9 

32 6 

20 
25 
25 
22 6 

21 3 

22 6 
29 3 

33 9 
16 6 

15 

21 3 

22 6 
20 

16 3 

17 
22 6 

31 3 
.32 6 
22 
10 6 
10 6 
16 3 


Cents. 
54.6 
53.0 
45.0 
32.1 
38.6 
25.7 
32.1 
35.4 
38.5 
42.7 
29.0 
19.3 
23.2 
19.8 
17.4 
16.6 
19.9 
22.7 
25.9 
20.2 
13.6 
17.0 
16.9 
17.2 
16.1 
13.3 
16.7 
24.1 
24.9 
19.3 
11.1 
9.5 
13.9 
14.5 
14.8 
15.3 
15.1 
15.3 


Cents. 
72.6 
67.5 
58.8 
40.2 
46.6 
32.1 
38.6 
45.0 
54.0 
55.6 
39.4 
37.0 
30.5 
24.1 
21.9 
20.9 
27.3 
26.5 
28.9 
32.1 
18.5 
22.8 
22.5 
24.9 
20.1 
23.3 
21.7 
26.5 
32.1 
24.9 
18.0 
12.1 
15.6 
15.3 
15.3 
16.1 
16.9 
16.1 


Cents. 
38.6 


1874 


45.0 


1875 


25.7 


1876 


25.7 


1877. 


24.1 


1878 


20.9 


1879 . 


19.3 


1880 


25.1 


1881 


37.0 


1882. 


28.1 


1883 


20.9 


1884 


12.9 


1885. 


16.1 


1886 


16.1 


1887. 


14.5 


1888 • 


13.7 


1889 


14.5 


1890 


18.8 


1891 


21.7 


1892 


10.6 


1893 


9.6 


1894 


13.7 


1895 


14.5 


1896 


12.9 


1897 


10.4 


1898 .. 


10.9 


1899 


14.5 


1900 


20.1 


1901. 


20.9 


1902 


14.1 


1903 


6.8 


1904 


6.8 


1905 


10.4 


1906. 




1907 


22 6 
20 
13 9 
15 


14.5 


1908 


12.9 


1909 


8.8 


1910 


9.6 






Average: 

1873-1875 


79 2 
51 
47 6 
30 
29 1 
27 2 
24 6 
23 4 


103 2 
63 
67 4 

37 7 

38 10 
36 3 
31 11 
23 9 


56 8 
35 10 
35 9 
24 1 
21 10 
21 5 
18 4 
17 10 


50.9 
32.8 
30.5 
19.3 
18.7 
17.5 
15.7 
15.0 


66.3 
40.5 
43.3 
24.1 
25.0 
23.3 
20.5 
15.9 


36.4 


1876-1880 


23.0 




23.0 


1886-1890 


15.5 




14.0 


1896-1900 


13.8 




11.8 


1906-1910 


11.4 







a Compiled from the annual report of the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange for 1908-9. 
i> Reduced to cents by taking 1 pound sterling as equivalent to $4.80, in accordance with a commercial 
custom. 



68 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



LOWER RATES TO ENGLAND THAN TO CHICAGO. 

Comparisons in Table 51 show that the cost of transporting wheat 
from four leading sliipping points of the Pacific coast grain region in 
the first part of 1910, and no doubt in earlier years, was greater to 
Cliicago than to the ports in England and on the continent of Europe 
to which the general rate to "Cork for orders" applies. 

Table 51. — Freight rates on wheat from four 'points in the grain-producing regions of 
the Pacific coast to England and to Chicago for the first half of 1910. 

[Rates are in cents per bushel.) 





To England ("Cork for orders"). 




From— 


Via— 


From point 

of origin to 

United States 

seaport. 


From United States 
seaport to " Cork for 
orders." 


Total to 
England.^ 


To Chi- 


Ocean 
freiglit rate.a 


Marine 
insur- 
ance, 

mean of 

high and 

low.o 


cago. 6 




San Francisco... 
] Portland, Ta- 
} coma, or Se- 
] attle. 


Cents. 

c 3. 75-4. 50 

( b 8. 25 

\ 6 10.2 

I 68.25 


Cents. 
10-15 
13-18 
13-18 
13-18 


Cents. 
3 
3 
3 
3 


Cents. 

16. 75-22. 5 

24. 25-29. 25 

26.2-31.2 

24. 25-29. 25 


Cents. 
39.0 


Pendleton, Oreg 

Spokane 

Walla Walla 


34.5 
34.5 
34.5 







a Approximate. 

b By railroads. Rates from official tariflfs. 

c By river boats. 



RATES FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 

For the year ending June 30, 1910, the published rates on wheat 
cargoes from Australia to England ranged from 13.6 to 17.5 cents 
per bushel, not wddely diflerent from the freights of that season on 
shipments from Portland and Puget Sound to the United Kingdom. 

The rates to the same country from Odessa averaged slightly less 
than those from Buenos Aires and other ports on the lower River 
Plate, and about 1 cent less than the rates from Argentine ports on 
the upper River Plate. 

From Kurrachee, one of the principal wheat ports of India, the 
rates for the year covered by Table 52 were generally about 9 or 10 
cents per bushel. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



69 



Table 52. — Mean monthly quotations of ocean freight rates on wheat from Argentina, 
India, Australia, and Russia to the United Kingdom, for the year ending June 30, 
WlO.a 



Year and 
month. 



1909. 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1910. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Mean for 
year.... 



Original quotations in shillings and pence 
per ton of 2,240 pounds. 



From Argentina to 
the United King- 
dom, for orders. 



Upper 
Kiver 
Plate. 



s. d. 

12 51 

9 3 

9 3 

8 4J 

10 44 

12 5i 



11 "i 

10 33 

8 3 

8 -i 

8 1^ 

9 7i 



Lower 
River 
Plate. 



s. d. 

10 7J 

7 6 

7 81 

7 

8 8g 
10 4^ 



10 3J 
9 3 



6 n 

7 81 



8 4.9 



Bahia 

Blan- 

ca. 



s. d. 

11 2i 

8 5§ 

8 4i 

7 n\ 

9 ^ 

11 6 



11 4J 

9 9| 

8 Og 

8 Hi 

8 n 

8 41 



9 3.5 



From 
Kurra- 
chee, 
India, 

to 
United 
King. 
dom. 



s. d. 
14 



16 
15 
15 6 



14 
11 



From 
Aus- 
tralia 
to 

United 
King 
dom. 



s. d. 



27 3 
26 9 



21 U 



22 7J 



14 4. 5 24 5. 25 



From 
Odessa 
to 
Lon- 
don, 
Hull, 
Ant- 
werp, 
.or 
Rot- 
ter 
dam. 



s. d. 
8 9} 



8 U 
8 3 



7 9 

8 

9 
8 10 
7 
6 3 



Equivalent, cents per bushel of 60 jiounds.^ 



From Argentina to 
the United King- 
dom, for orders. 



Upper 
River 
Plate. 



Cents. 
8.0 
5.9 
5.9 
5.4 
6.7 
8.0 



7.5 
6.6 
5.3 
5.5 



Lower 
River 

Plate. 



Cents. 
6.8 
4.8 
5.0 
4.5 
5.6 
6.7 



6.6 
5.9 
4.7 
4.9 
4.4 
4.9 



Bahia 

Blan- 

ca. 



Cents. 
7.2 
5.4 
5.4 
5.1 
6.0 
7.4 



7.3 
6.3 
5.2 
5.7 
5.2 
5.4 



From 
Kurra- 
chee, 
India, 

to 
U nited 
King- 
dom. 



Cents. 
9.0 



10.3 
9.6 
10.0 

10.0 



9.0 



9.0 
7.1 



From 
Aus- 
tralia 

to 
United 
King- 
dom. 



Cents. 



17.5 
17.2 



13.6 



From 
Odessa 

to 
Lon- 
don, 
Hull, 
Ant- 
werji, 

or 
Rot- 
ter- 
dam. 



Cents. 
5.7 
5.6 
5.2 
5.3 



4.8 



5.0 
5.1 

5.8 
5.7 
4.5 
4.0 



5.2 



n Compiled from Broomhall's Corn Trade News. 

t> Reduced to cents by taking 1 pound sterling as equivalent to 84.80, in accordance with a commercial 
custom. 

TON-MILE RATES OF VARIOUS CARRIERS. 



Tlie vast difference in the cost of transport per ton per mile for 
different carriers, all of wliich share in moving Pacific coast wheat 
to market, is illustrated in Table 53. The highest rates are those com- 
puted upon the average cost to the farmer for hauling Ms wheat to 
the sliipping point. Tliis ranged in 1906 from about 14 cents per 
ton-mile in Cahfornia to about 25 cents in Washington. The other 
extreme is illustrated by the rate of from 0.02 to 0.03 of 1 cent 
per ton-mile from Tacoma to Liverpool. 



70 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 53. — Average freight charge on Pacific coast wheat per ton per mile, over selected 

routes, in 1910. 

[Based upon tons of 2,000 pounds and statute miles.] 



Route. 



Cents per 

ton 
per mile. 



By wagon, from farms to shipping points (in 1906): a 

Washington 

Idaho 

Oregon 

California 

By electric railroad: 

From Salem, Oreg., to Portland, Oreg 

From Marysville, Cal. , to Sacramento, Cal 

From Chico, Cal., to Sacramento, Cal 

From Moscow, Idaho, to Spokane, Wash 

By steam railroad: 

From EUensburg, Wash. , to Tacoma, Wash 

From Merced , Cal. , to San Francisco, Cal 

From Lewiston, Idaho, to Portland, Oreg 

From Portland, Oreg., to San Francisco, Cal 

By river: 

From The Dalles, Oreg., to Portland, Oreg 

From Sacramento, Cal., to San Francisco, Cal 

From Red Bluff, Cal. , to Sacramento, Cal 

From Lewiston, Idaho, to Portland, Oreg 

By coastwise steamships: 

From Seattle, Wash., to Skagway, Alaska 

From Portland, Oreg., to San Francisco, Cal 

By steamships: 

From Tacoma, Wash., to Liverpool, England, via Magellan Straits. 
By sail vessels: 

From Tacoma, Wash., to Liverpool, England, via Cape Horn 



24.841 
20. 952 
17. 388 
14 331 

3.219 
2.392 
2.205 
1.429 

L870 
1.513 
.952 
.402 

1. 316 

1. 000-1. 200 

1.020 

.823- .900 

.505 

. 16&- . 266 

. 0363-. 0373 
. 0210-. 0294 



o Bulletin No. 49, Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. Page 33. 



CHARGES FOR NINE SELECTED CARGOES. 

The higher rates charged by steamers as compared with sail 
vessels are shown in Table 54. The steamers also earned more freight 
per cargo, since they carried heavier loads; and, on account of the 
shorter time of transit, the gross earnings of the steamers averaged 
much more per day. 

Table 54. — Duration of voyage, capacity of vessel, size of load, and freight earned for 
selected cargoes of grain carried from United States Pacific coast ports to Europe, season 
of 1909-lO.a 

SAIL VESSELS. 



Item. 



Kind of grain carried. 
Departed: 

From 

Date 

Called for orders: 

At 



Date 

Ordered to discharge at 

Length of* voyage to 

port of call. 
Approximate total 

length of voyage. 

Capacity of vessel 

Size of cargo 

Freight: 

Rate 



Total amount 

Earnings per day 
of voyage. 



La Rocheja- 
quelein. 



Wheat. 



Portland 

Dec. 19, 1909 . 

Falmouth, 

England. 
Apr. 18, 1910. 
Barry, Wales. 



121 days. 
127 days. 



1,954 tons 6.... 
2,967 tons c 

27s.6d.pertonc. 
17.68 cents per 
bushel. 

S19,600 

$154 



Duquesne. 



Wheat. 



Portland 

Oct. 26, 1909.. 

Falmouth, 
England. 

Apr. "18, 1910. 

Antwerp, Bel- 
gium. 

175 days 



182 days 

1,926 tons6 

2,961 tonsc 

27s.6d.pertonc. 
17.68 cents per 
bushel. 

$19,500 

$107 



Zenita. 



Wheat. 



Tacoma 

Oct. 29, 1909.. 

Queensto wn, 
Ireland. 
Apr. 21, 1910., 
Antwerp, Bel- 
gium. 
175 days 



182 days.... 

1,625 tons 6.. 
2,689 tonsc. 



27s. 6d. per tone. 
17.68 cents per 
bushel. 

$17,700 

$97 



Leon Blum. 



Barley 

San Francisco. 
Jan. 18, 1910... 

Falmouth, 
England. 

May 30,1910... 

Grimsby, 
England. " 

133 days 



140 days. 



2,316 tons 6 

3,089 tonsc 

23s.9d.pertonc. 
12.21 cents per 
bushel. 

$17,600 

$126 



Buflon. 



Wheat. 

Tacoma. 
Nov. 5, 1909. 

Queens town, 

Ireland. 
May 7, 1910. 
Cardiff, Wales. 

184 days. 

185 days. 

1,771 tons. 6 
3,251 tons.c 

27s.6d.perton.c 
17.68 cents per 
bushel. 

$21,500. 
$116. 



o Compiled from Dornbusch's Floating Cargoes Evening List (London) and the Daily Commercial 
News (San Francisco). 
b Net tons of 100 cubic feet, 
c Tons of 2,240 pounds. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



71 



Table 54. — Duration of voyage, capacity of vessel, size of load, and freight earned for 
selected cargoes of grain carried from United States Pacific coast ports to Europe, sea- 
son of 1909-10— Continued. 

STEAMERS. 



Item. 



Baron Napier. 



Riverton. 



Earl of Douglas. 



Titania. 



Kind of grain carried . . 
Departed: 

From 

Date 

Called for orders: 

At 

Date 

Ordered to discharge at 
Length of voyage to 

port of call. 
Approximate total 

length of voyage. 

Capacity of vessel 

Size of cargo 

Freight: 

Rate 

Total amount 

Earnings per day 
of voyage. 



Wheat 

Tacoma 

Nov. 7, 1909 

St. Vincent, Cape 
Verde Islands. 

Jan. 13, 1910 

Hull, England... 
68 days 

83 days 

3,159 tons a 

0,597 tons 6 

28s. per ton^ 

18 cents per 
bushel. 

$44,300 

S534 



Wheat 

Tacoma 

Dec. 10, 19(iO 

St. Vincent, Cape 
Verde Islands. 

Jan. 24, 1910 

Antwerp, Belgium 
46 days 

61 days 

2,236 tons a 

3,738 tons 6 

28s. 9d.per tonb... 
18.48 cents per 
l)ushel. 

$25,800 

S423 



Wheat 

Portland 

Oct. 10, 1909 

St. Vincent, Cape 
Verde Islands. 

Dec. 17,1909 

Belfast, Ireland . . 
69 days 

84 days 

2,761 tons a 

6,220 tons* 

27s. 6d per ton& ... 
17.68 cents per 

bushel. 
$41,100 



Wheat. 

Portland. 
Oct. 26, 1909. 

St. Vincent, Cape 

Verde Islands. 
Jan. 9, 1910. 
Cardiff, Wales. 
76 days. 

91 days. 

2,315 tons.a 
5,159 tons. 6 

28s. 9d per ton.6 
18.48 cents per 

bushel. 
$35,600. 



a Net tons of 100 cubic feet. 



^ Tons of 2,240 pounds. 



Nevertheless, freight rates on grain over tliis route have not been 
sufliciently high to attract many steamers. In recent years their 
number has increased, but the coal consumption and the cost of the 
engine room force for voyages of from 2 to 3 months tend to discourage 
steamships from bidding for this traflic. 

TRANSPORT FACILITIES. 



ROUTES BETWEEN THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC COASTS. 

The lines of transportation connecting the Atlantic and Pacific 
coasts of the United States may be divided into three classes — all- 
water routes, combined water and rail, and all-rail lines. The last- 
named are comparatively new; the first through railroad line to 
the Pacific coast was completed in 1869, within the memory of many 
persons now livmg. About four years later the first transcontinental 
railroad to enter Portland was opened for traffic, and in a few more 
years the line between that city and San Francisco w^as completed. 

A simple way to enumerate the different railroad lines which con- 
nect the Pacific coast wdth the Mississippi Valley is to follow, on a 
map, the crest of the Rocky Mountains from north to south, noting 
the different transcontinental railroad lines wdiicli cross the Great 
Divide. There are at least eight in all, including one in Canada. 
Ihree cross the Rockies in Montana, three others use mountain passes 
in southern Wyoming, Colorado, and northern New Mexico, respec- 
tively, and another follows a route across southern New Mexico. 



72 MAEKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 

There are at least four rail-and- water lines over which considerable 
traffic passes between the East and the Pacific coast. The most 
northerly of these is the line of which the Great Lakes form a part. 
California fruits and many other commodities, transferred to boats 
at Duluth, are carried to such eastern ports as Cleveland, and for- 
warded thence by rail to their destinations; there is a contrary 
movement of some commodities over this route. A second route 
is by coastwise vessels between North Atlantic ports and Galveston, 
and by rail between Galveston and the Pacific coast; a third crosses 
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico; and a fourth, the Isthmus 
of Panama. 

The third class of routes between tlie two coasts extends around 
the southern part of South America. Sailing vessels regularly go 
around Cape Horn, but steamers may use the shorter passage through 
the Strait of Magellan. 

TIME OF TRANSIT. 

The time required to carry freight between San Francisco and 
New York varies from 11 to 12 days by fast freight trains; a period 
about 10 times as long is required by ships sailing around Cape Horn. 
The rail-and-water routes by Tehuantepec or Panama require about 
one month. (Table 55.) 

Table 55. — Approximate usual time of freight transit between New York and San 
Francisco, over various routes, 1910." 



Days. 



Fast freight, all rail 

Coastwise steamers, New York to Galveston, thence by rail . 

Isthmus of Panama 

Isthmus of Tehuantepec 

Cape Horn, by sail vessels: 

San Francisco to New York 

New York to San Francisco 



11-12 

14-15 

25-30 

30 

110-120 
120-130 



a Chiefly as reported by transportation companies. 
RAILROAD MILEAGE. 

The length of railroads in California, Oregon, Wasliington, and 
Idaho increased from less than 7,000 miles in 1888 to more than 16,000 
miles in 1909, a rate of increase greater than that for the United 
States as a whole. In 1888 less than 5 per cent of the railroad mileage 
of the United States was in the four States just mentioned, and in 
1909 they had almost 7 per cent of the total mileage. (Table 56.) 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST EEGION. 



73 



Table 56. — Mileage of railroads in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and the 
entire United States, 1888-1909. o- 



On 


California. 


Oregon. 


Washington. 


Idaho. 


Total Califor- 
nia, Oregon, 
Washington, 
and Idaho. 


Total 
United 


June 30— 


Miles. 


Per 
cent of 
United 
States. 


Miles. 


Per 
cent of 
United 
States. 


Miles. 


Per 
cent of 
United 
States. 


Miles. 


Per 

cent of 
United 
States. 


Miles. 


Per 

cent of 
United 
States. 


States 
(miles). 


1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 


3,713 
4,250 
4,356 
4,574 
4,648 
4,771 
4,861 
4,853 
5,055 
5,274 
5,468 
5,532 
5,751 
5,838 
5,979 
6,100 
6,263 
6,507 
6,655 
6,836 
7,222 
7,529 


2.48 
2.69 
2.66 
2.73 
2.71 
2.70 
2.72 
2.69 
2.77 
2.86 
2.94 
2.92 
2.97 
2.96 
2.95 
2.93 
2.93 
2.98 
2.97 
2.97 
3.09 
3.18 


1,312 
1,504 
1,428 
1,448 
1,523 
1,504 
1,529 
1,526 
1,513 
1,530 
1,599 
1,613 
1,724 
1,684 
1,685 
1,720 
1,737 
1,813 
1,898 
1,956 
1,996 
2,160 





88 
95 
87 
86 
89 
85 
85 
84 
83 
83 
86 
85 
89 
85 
83 
83 
81 
83 
85 
85 
85 
91 


986 
1,357 
1,783 
2,096 
2,211 
2,767 
2,811 
2,840 
2,837 
2,830 
2, 829 
2,839 
2,914 
3,005 
3,158 
3,275 
3,356 
3,388 
3,599 
3,807 
4,208 
4,651 


0.66 
.86 
1.09 
1.24 
1.29 
1.57 
1.57 
1.57 
1.55 
1.53 
1.52 
1.50 
1.51 
1.52 
1.56 
1.57 
1.57 
1.55 
1.60 
1.66 
1.80 
1.96 


806 
845 
941 
949 
991 
1,084 
1,088 
1,085 
1,085 
1,107 
1,094 
1,134 
1,261 
1,333 
1,446 
1,448 
1,462 
1,465 
1,578 
1,764 
1,946 
2,134 


0.54 
.54 

.58 
.56 
.58 
.61 
.61 
.60 
.59 
.60 
.59 
.60 
.65 
.68 
.71 
.70 
.68 
.67 
.70 
.77 
.83 
.90 


6.817 
7,955 
8,509 
9,066 
9,372 
10, 125 
10, 289 
10,299 
10,491 
10,741 
10,991 
11,117 
11.650 
11,861 
12,269 
12,542 
12,817 
13,174 
13,729 
14,362 
15,372 
16,473 


4.56 
5.04 
5.20 
5.39 
5.47 
5.73 
5.75 
5.70 
5.74 
5.82 
5.91 
5.87 
6.02 
6.01 
6.05 
6.03 
5.99 
6.03 
6.12 
6.25 
6.57 
6.95 


149,902 
157, 759 
163,597 
168,403 
171,564 
176,461 
178,709 
180,657 
182,777 
184,428 
186,396 
189,295 
193,346 
197,237 
20'' 472 


1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 


207,977 
213,904 
218,101 
224,363 
229,951 
233,468 
236,869 



a "Mileage owned," single track, as reported by the Interstate Commerce Commission. 



SOME CONDITIONS OF RAILROAD SERVICE. 

Conditions in that part of the United States west of the Rocky 
Mountains, referred to as Group X, in Table 54, may be taken to repre- 
sent general conditions in California, Oregon, Wasliington, and Idaho, 

The data in Table 57 show changes in the quantity of freight 
moved, the average rate of charge for hauling it, and the average 
length of haul for railroads of Group X and of the entire United States. 

For the year ending June 30, 1890, the traffic oil the railroads of 
Group X was equivalent to about 2 billion short tons hauled each 
an average of 1 mile. In the fiscal year 1909 the traffic had reached 
practically 1 1 billion ton-miles or five and a half times the traffic of 
1890. For the United States as a whole the traffic in 1909 was 
nearly three times that of 1890, an increase considerably less than 
that of the region west of the Rocky Mountains. 

Changes in the average revenue for freight per ton per mile may 
be due to various causes. A change in actual rates for certain com- 
modities may be one leading cause of fluctuations in revenue per 
ton-mile. On the other hand, an increase in tonnage of commodities 
which pay low freight rates or a decrease in those paying high rates 
would tend to make the average receipts for all commodities lower. 
Again, a marked increase in such articles as groceries and dry goods 
or a decline in the tonnage of ore and coal would result in a higher 



74 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



average income per ton-mile. There has been a dedine in the ton- 
mile receipts for both the United States and that part of it west of 
the Rocky Mountains since 1890. At least part of this decline for 
the railroads in Group X is due to lower freight rates. 

The average length of haul for each railroad is considerably greater 
in Group X than in the entire United States. Averages for sliipments 
traced from their origin to final destination over different railroads — 
that is, averages for all railroads taken as one system — are not avail- 
able for the separate groups; but for the United States as a whole 
this average was about twice that for individual railroads during 
1890-1909. But it may be assumed that such an average would be 
much nearer the average haul per inchvidual road for the region west 
of the Rocky Mountains than for the United States as a whole, for 
the principal railroads of Group X are of such length and so located 
that a great part of their long-distance traffic may be carried witliin 
the boundaries of this group without transfer from one line to another. 

Table 57. — Tonnage carried, receipts -per ton-mile, and average length of haul of freight 
on railroads icest of the Rocky Mountains and in the entire United States, 1890-1909.°' 





Group X.6 


United States. 


Year ending June 30— 


Quantity 
of f reiglit. 
(000,000 
omitted.) 


Average 
receipts 
per ton 
per mile. 


Average 
lengtti of 
haul for 

each 
railroad. 


Quantity 
of freight. 
(000,000 
omitted.) 


Average 
receipts 
per ton 
per mile. 


Average length of 
haul for — 




Each 
railroad. 


All rail- 
roads as 
one 

system. 


1890 


Ton- 
miles. 
1,944 
2,028 
2,545 
2, 723 
2^610 
2,962 
3,109 
3.134 
4,445 
4,841 
5,887 
6,809 
7,794 
8,725 
8,902 
8,867 
10,151 
11,252 
11,023 
10,944 


Cent. 
1.651 
1.631 
1.646 
1.507 
1.343 
1.261 
1.254 
1.275 
1.146 
1.136 
1.067 
1.055 
1.037 
1.005 
1.036 
1.098 
1.103 
1.163 
1.204 
1.223 


Miles. 
193. 55 
190. 00 
194.31 
204. 86 
213.88 
227. 02 
211.21 
210. 05 

233. 66 
233. 13 

237. 07 
238. 77 
230. (i8 
225. 86 
208.11 

209. 67 
209. 84 

204. 08 
198.58 
181.49 


Ton- 
miles. 
76.207 
81,074 
88, 241 
93,. 588 
80,335 
85, 228 
95, 328 
95, 139 
114,078 
123.667 
141,597 
147,077 
1.57,289 
173, 221 
174,522 
186. 463 
215,878 
236,601 
218,382 
218,803 


Cent. 
0.941 
.895 
.898 
.878 
.860 
.839 
.806 
.798 
.753 
.724 
.729 
.750 
.757 
.763 
.780 
.766 
.748 
.759 
.754 
.763 


Miles. 
119. 72 
120. 00 
124. 89 
125. 60 
125. 88 
122. 32 
124. 47 
128. 27 
129. 78 
128. 85 
128. 53 
135.03 
131.04 
132. 80 
133. 23 
130. 60 
132.33 
131.71 
143. 83 
141.87 


Miles. 


1891 




1892 




1893 




1894 




1895 




1896 




1897 




1898 




1899 


246. .08 


1900 


242. 73 


1901 


251.98 


1902 


239. 10 


1903 


242. 35 


1904 


244. 30 


1905 


237.56 


1906 


240.89 


1907 


242.05 


1908 


2.53.94 


1909 


251.10 






Mean: 

1891-1895 


2,694 

4, 2,s3 

8,219 

10, 842 


1.478 
1.176 
1.046 
1. 173 


206.01 
225.02 
222. 62 
198. 50 


85, 093 
113,962 
167, 714 
222, 416 


.874 
.762 
.763 
.756 


123.74 
127.98 
132. 54 
137.44 




1896-1900 




1901-1905 


243.06 


1906-1909... . 


247.00 







a Compiled from Statistics of Railways in the United States, Interstate Commerce Commission. 
6 Comprising the railroads of Idaho, Utah, Nevada, western New Mexico, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, 
and California. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 75 

HARBORS. 



SAN DIEGO AND LOS ANGELES. 



The southernmost port of the United States Pacific coast is San 
Diego, Cal. San Diego Bay affords a good harbor, the shallowest 
point in the entrance being 25 feet deep at what is called ''mean 
lower low water" and 29f feet deep at mean liigh water. The harbor 
lines as they were in May, 1910, could accommodate a wharf frontage 
of 79,000 feet, or about 15 mUes, and the wharves then constructed 
had a total frontage of possibly 4,000 or 5,000 feet. The wharves 
included one coal pier, one lumber wharf, and three merchandise 
piers, one of which had raUroad tracks on each side to facilitate the 
transfer of freight between cars and vessels. 

North of San Diego is the port of San Pedro. The entrance to the 
harbor of San Pedro is protected by an artificial breakwater, extend- 
ing from the north side of the harbor into the ocean. At mean high 
water the shallowest part of the channel leading to San Pedro is 25 
feet and at mean lower low water is 20 feet deep. The wharf frontage 
at San Pedro in 1910 was 33,312 feet, and there was room along the 
established harbor lines for more than 100,000 feet in addition. 
San Pedro, the principal harbor of Los Angeles, is now within the 
municipal boundaries. Another liarbor of Los Angeles is Redondo 
Beach. The landing facilities here consist of a wharf extending out 
into the open sea and terminating where the water is from 36 to 48 
feet deep. A third port at Los Angeles and one nearer to the busi- 
ness part of the city than San Pedro or Redondo Beach bears the 
name Port Los Angeles. Here, as at Redondo Beach, the landing 
facilities consist of a pier extending out into the open sea; the depth 
at mean lower low water is about 34 feet. A fourth port of Los 
Angeles is Long Beach, where also a wharf extends out into the open 
sea and where the depth of water at mean lower low water is given 
as 25^ feet and at mean high water 30^ feet. Thus Los Angeles 
has no less than four ports, three of which are especially convenient 
to coasting vessels or to others which may desire to make but a short 
stop on the way to other points. In time of storm, however, the 
harbor of San Pedro would afford a safer landing place. 

Between Los Angeles and San Francisco there are several note- 
worthy ports, among wliich are Santa Barbara, Port Harford, and 
Monterey. Port Harford is an important shipping point for oil, 
situated not far from the oil region of California. Many steamers, 
especially those in the coastwise trade, burn oil instead of coal. 



SAN FRANCISCO BAY. 



The entrance to San Francisco Bay may be made tlu'ough any one 
of three channels. At mean lower low water the entrance through 



76 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 

the south channel is 36 feet deep on the bar; in the main channel 
33 feet, and through the Bonita Channel, on the north side of the 
entrance, the depth is reported as deep enough for any draft. The 
wharves of San Francisco, which are under the control of the State 
Harbor Commission, had in May, 1910, approximately 53,751 linear 
feet of berth space, and the area of water surface of the docks or slips 
was 2,871,150 square feet. 

The seagoing traffic of San Francisco Bay is shared by Oakland 
and Alameda, opposite San Francisco, and by a considerable number 
of minor ports on this bay and its branches, including South Vallejo, 
Port Costa, and even Antioch, on the San Joaquin River, some 50 
miles from San Francisco. 



An important port of Cahfornia north of San Francisco Bay is 
Eureka. At mean liigh water the channel leading into the harbor 
here is reported to be 24 feet deep, and the distance from the center 
of the water front of Eureka out to the end of the jetties at the harbor 
entrance is about 5^ nautical miles. 

PORTLAND. 

The greatest fresh-water port of the Pacific coast is Portland, 
Oreg. It is situated on the Willamette River about 97 nautical 
miles from the open sea, and is reached by a channel wliich is reported 
as 27^ feet deep at mean high water and 20 feet at mean lower low 
water. The wharves of Portland are parallel to the banks of the 
river; there are few, if any, shps cut into the bank or piers projecting 
into the river. The harbor front is divided into two general sections, 
the one above a highway drawbridge being used cliiefly by river 
boats and the other below this bridge having wharves for ocean 
vessels. 

Among the ports of Oregon near the ocean are Marsliiield, on Coos 
Bay, Yaquina, TiUamook, and Astoria. Astoria is at the mouth of 
the Columbia River and has a harbor, the approach to which is 31^ 
feet deep in the shallowest place at mean high water and 21 feet deep 
at mean lower low water. The wharves of the city are about 11 
nautical miles from the open sea. 

PUGET SOUND. 

The leading seaports on Puget Sound are Seattle and Tacoma. 
The harbor of Seattle is formed by Elliott Bay and is about 122 
nautical miles from the open sea. The city's water front extends 
for about 5f miles along the shore. Many of the wharves consist of 
piers built out at right angles to the shore or having slips dredged 
between. In 1910 a project was under way to open a ship channel 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 77 

between Elliott Bay and the fresh-water lakes, Union and Washing- 
ton, that extend around the north and east sides of the city. 

The harbor at Tacoina, about 20 nautical miles south of Seattle, 
consists of Commencement Bay and an inlet called the City Water- 
way. The wharves, with a few exceptions, are parallel to the shore. 

The other seaports of Puget Sound include Port Townsend on the 
western shore, about 86 nautical miles from the open sea; Belling- 
ham and Everett on the eastern shore, Anacortes on Fidalgo Island, 
and Olympia at the south about 166 nautical miles from the ocean. 

Vancouver, on the Columbia River near the mouth of the Willa- 
mette, South Bend on Willapa Bay, and Ocosta in Grays Harbor are 
seaports of Washington not situated on Puget Sound. 

DEPTH OF CHANNELS. 

The depths of the channels leading to the harbors mentioned in 
Table 58 refer only to the time for which the oflB.cial report, mentioned 
in the footnote of the table, applies. These depths may be varied 
from year to j^ear by artificial means or by the working of natural 
forces. In general, especially for the larger ports, it may be ex- 
pected that the channel will not be allowed to decrease in depth and 
will probably be improved to meet the needs of a growing commerce. 

The distance from open sea is measured usually from a point at a 
safe distance outside the entrance of the river, bay, or sound to a 
central point in the harbor or at the wharves of the port. Owing 
to the great depth of Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay, the exact 
depth of channel in its shallowest place leading to the wharves of 
such ports as Seattle, Tacoma, San Francisco, and Oakland is some- 
times omitted from official reports; the statement "Deep enough 
for any draft" is substituted instead of exact figures. 



78 



MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 58. — Depth of channel and distance from open sea for selected ports on the Pacific 

coast of the United States." 





Location. 


Distance 

from 
open sea. 


Depth of channel. 


State and port. 


Mean 
lower low 

water. 


Mean 
Wgh 
water. 


Remarks. 


WASHINGTON. 

OlviDpia 


Puget Sound. . . . 


Nautical 
miles. 
166.0 
142. 1 

122.4 
114.7 

85.7 
3.7 
15. 
91.2 

97.3 
11.1 
10.6 
3.7 
11.8 

5.5 
12.6 
14.8 
''3.0 


Feet. 
12 


Fcrt. 
22 




Tacoma 


do 


Deep enough for 
any draft. 


Seattle 


do 


1 




....ido. 


26 


41 




Port Townsend 


do 


Do. 


Ocosta 


Grays Harbor 

Wiliapa Bay 


19 
16 
9 

20 
24 
3'. 
15' 
12 

18.^ 


271 




South Bend 






Columbia River 

Willamette River 

Columbia River 

Tillamook Bay 

Yaqnina Bav 






OREGON. 

Portland 


271 
■iU 

22i 
17" 

24 








Tillamook 




Yaquina 




Marshfleld 


Coos Bav 




CALIFOROTA. 


Humboldt Bay 






Do. 


Oakland 


do 






Do. 


Monterey 


Bay of Monterey 

On the sea 






At wharves, 15 to 


Port Harford 


27 
25 

34 




36 feet deep. 




do 








Los Angeles ports: 


do 










....do 






At wharves, 36 to 




San Pedro Harbor 

San Diego Bay 


1.9 
6.1 


20 
25 


25 
29i 


48 feet. 











a United States Coast and G eodetic Survey: Depth as given in " Table of depths for channels and harbors" 
(1910); distances as given in memorandum dated Aug. 2, 1910. 
b United States Coast Pilot: California, Oregon, and Washington, second edition, 1909, p. 64. 

CALIFORNIA RIVERS. 



There are three principal systems of inland waterways which afford 
transportation for the grain and live-stock products of the Pacific 
Coast States. One system is formed by San Francisco Bay, the 
Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries. The 
Sacramento is navigable as far Red Bluff, 262 miles above its mouth, 
while the San Joaquin is navigable, at high water, as far as Hills 
Ferry, 195 miles from the mouth. The channel up to Stockton is 
open throughout the year. The capacity of a typical steamboat of 
these rivers may average not far from 30 carloads of grain or potatoes. 
Often a steamer will tow one or more barges laden with grain or other 
commodities. In addition to the steamboat and barge lines, a num- 
ber of launches are engaged in the freight and passenger service be- 
tween Sacramento or Stockton and the smaller river landings. One 
line is operated between Stockton and Sacramento. In May, 1910, 
there were at least nine or ten different lines of steamboats and 
launches carrying passengers or freight to and from Sacramento. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 79 

Another kind of river craft is the scow schooner, a sail vessel common 
on these rivers and San Francisco Bay. 

This water service is especially valuable to a considerable area of 
rich farming land situated on islands in the deltas of the two rivers. 
Not only is grain an important product, but potatoes, beans, aspara- 
gus, and other vegetables are also sliipped in large quantities. Some 
of these islands have been protected from floods by means of dikes 
or levees similar to those along the Mississippi River, and at some 
seasons of the year the level of the river is above the adjoining fields. 

The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and the waters connect- 
ing them wdth the ocean formed a highway for gold seekers between 
San Francisco and such points as Sacramento and Stockton, whence 
overland journeys were made to the mines. The time of steamboat 
transit between San Francisco and Sacramento was probably about 
the same in the early days as now; in 1910 the schedule time for 
local day boats was 10 hours upstream and 9 hours downstream. 
Wlien conditions required it, this time could be shortened greatly; 
in 185 1** the steamer New ^Yorld made the trip from Sacramento to 
San Francisco in 6 hours and 20 minutes. In 1851 the fare from 
San Francisco to Sacramento was $25; in 1910, it was $1.50. In 
1850 the steamer Senator advertised freight rates from San Francisco 
to Sacramento: For heavy goods, $2 per 100 pounds; for goods 
charged according to measurement, 75 cents per cubic foot; for 
"wet" barrels $6 each and for "dry" barrels S4 each. At this time 
the bark. Janet was used as a terminal warehouse and landing 
place in San Francisco Harbor, wharf facilities being inadequate 
for the traffic. In 1853 the principal articles carried on the Sac- 
ramento River downstream included coal, lumber, and vegetables, 
while the freight upstream consisted of general merchandise, grain, 
and fruit. 

INLAND WATERWAYS IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON. 

Another important system of waterways is that formed by the 
Columbia, lower Willamette, and Snake Rivers. They afford, with 
a single interruption at Celilo Falls, a passage for boats as far upstream 
as Wenatchee in central Washington, on the Wenatchee River, and 
to a point on Snake River above Lewis ton, Idaho. The Willamette 
is regarded as navigable for about 164 miles, but most of the traffic 
is confined to that part of the river below Portland. 

There are some isolated waterways near the main system of the 
Columbia and Snake Rivers. One of these consists of Lake Coeur 
d'Alene and the St. Jo River. Tins waterway is traversed by small 
wood-burning steamers which carry package freight and passengers 
and which connect at Coeur d'Alene with steam and electric railroads. 

a Alta California, April 20, 1851. 



80 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 

A third principal system of inland waterways consists of Puget 
Sound and its niinieroiis arms. On some of the inlets of the Sound, 
stern-wheel steamers are used, but many of the local steamers are 
equipped with screw propellers. One of the steamers in the service 
between Tacoma and Seattle was brought from Superior customs 
district, through the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River to the 
Atlantic Ocean, around South America, and up to Puget Sound. 
In the passenger service between Tacoma and Seattle, some of the 
boats make a round trip every two hours. 

CARRYING CAPACITY OF VESSELS. 

The shifting of the wheat export trade from San Francisco to 
more northern })orts may be taken as one of the reasons for the 
slight decline in the total tonnage of vessels clearing from San Fran- 
cisco in the foreign trade and the great increase for Portland and 
Puget Sound. The total carrying capacity of vessels leaving San 
Francisco for foreign ports in the fiscal year 1896 was about 1,200,000 
net registered tons,<^ and in 1910 almost 900,000 tons. The tonnage 
clearing for the United Kingdom declined from 300,000 tons to 60,000 
tons in the same period, but the tonnage clearing for Asia decreased 
30 per cent. 

On the other hand, tonnage from Portland and Puget Sound to 
the United Kingdom, a considerable part of which may be assumed 
to have served in the grain trade, increased considerably, according 
to Table 59. Shipping to Asia from these northern ports also 
increased, the total for 1896 being about 67,000 and for 1910 352,000 
net registered tons." 

In the trade around C^ape Horn between the Atlantic and Pacific 
ports of the United States the number of voyages decreased from an 
annual average of from 65 in 1886-90 to 32 in 1906-10; during the 
same time the average size of a vessel was nearly doubled. (Table 60.) 

a Net registered tonnage includes the entire inner cubical capacity of a vessel after deducting space 
used for crew accommodations, propelling power, and such items as steering gear, chart house, supplies, 
sails, donkey engine (for jiump), and accommodations for master of vessel, as determined by official 
measurement and expressed in tons of 100 cubic feet. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



81 



Table 59. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared in foreign trade from the customs 
districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Pug et Sound, 1895~1910.<^ 

FROM SAN FRANCISCO. 





Number of vessels cleared for— 


Net tonnage of 


vessels cleared for — 






China, 








China, 






Year ending June 30— 


United 


Japan. 
Korea, 


Other 


All 


United 


Japan, 
Korea, 


Other 
countries. 


All 
countries. 




King- 
dom. 


and 
Philip- 


coun- 
tries. 


coun- 
tries. 


King- 
dom. 


and 
Philip- 






pine 








pme 










Islands. 








Islands. 






1896 • 


174 


40 


589 


803 


328, 725 


104,639 


7.32,415 


1,165,779 


1897 


161 


44 


613 


818 


300, 585 


111,548 


774,485 


1,186,618 


1898 


166 


37 


564 


767 


305,375 


98, 164 


716,020 


1,119,559 


1899 


57 


72 


574 


703 


99,905 


163, 741 


714, 181 


977,827 


1900 


151 


119 


610 


880 


273,662 


285,882 


780, 104 


1,339,648 


1901 


137 


41 


441 


619 


265,570 


107, 4fi3 


695, 521 


1,068,554 


1902 


188 
82 
77 
44 
24 


48 
49 
45 
58 
28 


404 
413 
382 
370 
330 


640 
544 
504 
472 
382 


331,503 
150,094 
143,699 
83,232 

48,682 


140,594 
ia3,216 
167,463 
243,501 
114,810 


708, 578 
733,985 
703.642 
690, 779 
625,673 


1,180,675 


1903 


1,047,295 


1904 


1,014,804 


190.5 


1,017,512 


1906 


789, 165 


1907 


46 
29 


31 
40 


311 
314 


388 
383 


91,193 
59,241 


&3,424 
122,316 


025,015 
707,827 


799,6.32 


1908 


889, 384 


1909 


33 


36 


291 


360 


64, 428 


120,390 


684,119 


868, 937 


1910 


29 


22 


313 


364 


60,696 


72,622 


764,282 


897, 600 







FROM WILLAMETTE (PORTLAND). 



1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 



46 


12 


23 


81 


63 


15 


17 


95 


112 


16 


29 


1.57 


88 


13 


22 


123 


88 


19 


8 


115 


112 


32 


25 


169 


106 


27 


23 


156 


43 


38 


54 


135 


27 


44 


25 


96 


18 


46 


14 


78 


40 


S3 


18 


111 


35 


57 


29 


121 


81 


40 


40 


161 


40 


25 


34 


99 


37 


29 


27 


93 



69,026 
98,411 
192, 683 
151,668 
157,310 
199,962 
180, 408 
81,985 
51,594 
34, 592 
77, 295 
71,797 
161,215 
82, 184 
78,628 



16,952 
22, 563 
30,750 
20, 905 
37,997 
71,056 
69, 784 
69, 527 
94, 727 
87, 964 
129,681 
155, 136 
114,340 
70,411 
94,890 



20,802 
20,230 
39,446 
31,226 
11,713 
41,884 
46,539 
88, 480 
42, 177 
27,028 
32, 526 
62, 770 
104,968 
83,882 
63,902 



106,780 
141,204 
262, 879 
203, 799 
207,020 
312,902 
296,731 
239,992 
188, 498 
149,584 
239,502 
289, 703 
380, 523 
236, 477 
237, 420 



FROM PUGET SOUND. 



1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 



23 


38 


2,070 


2,131 


35 


51 


2,220 


2,306 


58 


50 


1,756 


1,864 


40 


56 


1,561 


1,657 


33 


81 


1,802 


1,916 


61 


77 


2,194 


2,332 


78 


92 


2,400 


2,570 


47 


91 


2,054 


2, 192 


32 


70 


1,951 


2,053 


24 


77 


1,930 


2,031 


77 


68 


1,975 


2,120 


40 


75 


2,161 


2,276 


66 


83 


2,494 


2,643 


38 


56 


2,728 


2,822 


36 


60 


2,538 


2,634 



43,554 

66,875 

111,916 

76, 430 

59, 571 

118,411 

152, 888 

105,3.36 

97,617 

72. 601 

194, 203 

124, 429 

171,071 

113,796 

119,046 



49,604 

70,894 

92, 953 

95, 329 

154, 928 

164, 397 

214, 957 

243, 615 

195, 506 

247,978 

278, 924 

347,608 

322, 419 

240, 445 

256,856 



1,074,527 

1,013,919 

978,050 

943, 131 

959,024 

1,065,411 

972, 920 

991,788 

1,060,403 

1,115,795 

1,049,017 

1,265,795 

1,574,071 

1,714,283 

1,687,250 



1,167,685 
1,157,688 
1,182,919 
1,114,890 
1,173,523 
1,. 348, 219 
1.340,705 
1,340,7.39 
1,353,526 
1,436,374 
1,522,744 
1,737,832 
2,067,561 
2, 068, 524 
2,063.152 



a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of tlie United States. For 
definition of net tonnage see note a, p. 80. 

99072°— Bull. 89—11 6 



82 



MARKETING GEAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



Table 59. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared in foreign trade from the customs 
districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 1895-1910 — Continued. 

TOTAL, FROM THE THREE CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. 





Number of vessels cleared for— 


Net tonnage of vessels cleared for— 


Year ending June 30— 


United 
Kius- 
dom. 


China, 
Japan, 
Korea, 

and 
Philip- 
pine 
Islands. 


Other 
coun- 
tries. 


All 
coun- 
tries. 


United 
Kmg- 
dom. 


China, 
Japan, 
Korea, 

and 
Philip- 
pine 
Islands. 


Other 
countries. 


All 
countries. 


1896 


243 
259 
336 
185 
272 
310 
372 
172 
136 
86 
141 
121 
176 
111 
102 


90 
110 
103 
141 
219 
150 
167 
178 
159 
181 
149 
163 
163 
117 
111 


2,682 
2,850 
2,349 
2,157 
2,420 
2,660 
2,827 
2,521 
2,358 
2,314 
2,323 
2,501 
2,848 
3,053 
2,878 


3,015 
3,219 
2,788 
2,48:5 
2,911 
3,120 
3, .366 
2,871 
2,653 
2,581 
2,613 
2,785 
3,187 
3,281 
3,091 


441,305 
465,871 
609.974 
328. 003 
490,543 
583,943 
664, 799 
337,415 
292, 910 
190,425 
320, 180 
287, 419 
391, 527 
260,408 
258,370 


171, 195 
211.005 
221,867 
279,975 
478,807 
342, 916 
425, 335 
470,358 
457,696 
579,443 
523, 415 
586, 168 
559,075 
431,246 
424,368 


1,827,744 
1,808,634 
1, 733, 516 
1,688,538 
1,750,841 
1,802,816 
1,728,037 
1,814,253 
1,806,222 
1,833,602 
1, 707, 816 
1,953,580 
2.386,866 
2. 482. 284 
2,515,434 


2,440,244 
2,485,510 
2, 565, 357 
2, 296, 516 
2, 720, 191 
2, 729, 675 
2.818.171 
2, 628, 026 
2,556,828 
2 603 470 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900. . 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


2 551 411 


1907 


2, 827, 167 
3, ,337, 468 
3 173 938 


1908 


1909 . .. 


1910 


3, 198, 172 





Table 60. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared from and for voyages between 
Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, via Cape Horn, 1886-1910.0- 





Cleared from Atlantic ports. 


Cleared from Pacific ports. 


Total clearances. 


Year ending 
Jime so- 


Num- 
ber. 


Net tons of 100 
cubic feet. 


Num- 
ber. 


Net tons of 100 
cubic feet. 


Num- 
ber. 


Net tons of 100 
cubic feet. 




Total. 


Average 

per 
vessel. 


Total. 


Average 

per 
vessel. 


Total. 


Average 

per 
vessel. 


Average: 

1886-1890. . 
1891-1895.. 
1896-1900. . 
1901-1905.. 
1906-1910. . 


50 
.58 
32 
24 
20 


81,168 
102,492 
55,342 
74,686 
55,995 


1,623 
1,767 
1,729 
3,112 
2,800 


15 
21 
11 
14 
12 


24,4.52 
38,716 
22, .543 
46,359 
32,010 


1,630 
1,844 
2,049 
3,311 
2,668 


65 
79 
44 
38 
32 


105,620 
141,208 

77,885 
. 121,045 

88,005 


1,625 
1,787 
1,770 
3,186 
2,750 


1906 


27 
35 
20 
6 
11 


92,804 
99,872 
43,108 
14,0.50 
30, 143 


3,437 
2,853 
2,155 
2,342 
2,740 


25 

10 

9 

6 

11 


62,595 
31,475 
24,171 
16,607 
25, 201 


2,504 
3,148 
2 686 
2,768 
2,291 


52 
45 
29 
12 
22 


1.55,399 
131,347 
67,279 
30,657 
55,344 


2,988 
2,919 


1907 


1908 


2,320 
2,. 5.55 


1909 


1910 


2,516 





a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 
definition of net tonnage see note a, p. 80. 



For 



Two of the striking features of Tables 61 and 62 are the decrease 
in the number of sailing vessels engaged in foreign trade at San 
Francisco and the increase in the average size of all vessels. During 
1906-1910 the sailing vessels leaving this port in foreign trade were 
scarcely 15 per cent of the number in 1871-1875, and at the same 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



83 



time the average space for freight and passengers on these vessels 
increased from 700 to nearly 1,800 tons. Increases in the size of both 
sail and steam vessels are recorded for Portland. The relatively small 
average size of vessels and the great number of clearances in foreign 
trade from Piiget Sound ports is caused to a large degree by the 
frequent coastwise movements to and from British Columbia. Many 
of the boats in this trade would naturally be much smaller than the 
ocean steamers. 

Table 61. — Average mtmber of sail and steam vessels cleared in foreign trade from the 
customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 1871-1910.O- 



Year ending June 30— 


San Francisco. 


Willamette 
(Portland). 


Puget Sound. 




Sail. 


Steam. 


SaU. 


Steam. 


Sail. 


Steam. 


Average: 

1871-1875 


482 
503 
621 
524 
507 
448 
210 
72 


100 
130 
210 
254 
311 
346 
346 
.303 


32 
65 
66 
96 
70 
94 
95 
60 


20 
17 
14 
26 
31 
20 
32 
57 


120 
131 
150 
215 
237 
295 
352 
365 


186 


1876-1880 


223 


1881-1885 


447 


1886-1890 


744 


1891-1895 


1,306 


1896-1900 


1,680 


1901-1905 


1,883 


1906-1910 


2, 1.34 






1906 


73 

98 
79 
57 
54 


309 
290 
304 
303 
310 


63 
48 
89 
52 

48 


48 
73 
72 
47 
45 


419 
347 
355 

315 

387 


1,701 


1907 


1,929 


1908. 


2,288 
2,507 


1909 


1910 


2,247 







a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 



Table 62. — Average size of sail and steam vessels cleared in foreign trade from the cus- 
toms districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 1871-1910.''' 

[In tons of 100 cubic feet net measurement.] 



Year ending June 30— 


San Francisco. 


WUlamette 
(Portland). 


Puget Soiuid. 




Sail. 


Steam. 


Sail. 


Steam. 


SaU. 


Steam. 


Average: 

1871-1875 


746 
877 
1,006 
1,116 
1,190 
1 149 
1,507 
1,736 


2,136 
2,198 
1,647 
1,494 
1,649 
1,859 
2,165 
2,389 


595 
889 
918 
1,158 
1 416 
1 618 
1,660 
1,915 


544 

573 

1,240 

744 

799 

1 612 

2,495 

2,840 


393 
375 
570 
791 
1,003 
961 
937 
752 


385 


1876-1880 


586 


1881-1885 

1886-1890 

1891-1895 

1896-1900 


449 
653 
598 
521 


1901-1905 

1906-1910 


549 
758 






1906 


1,568 
1,838 
1,620 
1,851 
1,798 


2,184 
2,136 
2,505 
2,520 
2,582 


1,790 
2,004 
1,953 
1,798 
2,044 


2,640 
2,651 
2,871 
3,042 
3,096 


903 
807 
833 
695 
515 


673 


1907 


756 


1908 


774 


1909 


738 


1910 


829 







a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 
definition of net measurement see note a, p. 80. 



For 



84 



MARKETING GKAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



COSTS OF MARKETING. 

A rough estimate is made in Table 63 of the principal items of 
cost in buying wheat and barley from farmers in the Pacific coast 
region and selling it in England. It will be noted that some of the 
costs were based upon quantity and some upon value. Freight and 
warehouse charges depended upon the quantity carried, but insur- 
ance rates were based upon the value of the grain. " 

The items shown in this table must not be regarded as a complete 
list of the expenses of any one transaction; and, on the other hand, 
there are transactions which do not involve all the items listed in the 
table. Large dealers and exporters in the Pacific Northwest fre- 
quently if not usually pay salaries to their agents at country ship- 
ping points and pay no commission on wheat wliicli these agents buy 
from farmers. Again, fees for inspection in the State of Washington, 
which may not be paid on grain purchased by exporters from farmers, 
are not mentioned in Table 63. 

The wide range of cost is due chiefly to differences in rates of 
freight and marine insurance. Railroad freight charges vary in 
general according to length of haul, while ocean freights vary with 
supply and demand as to ships and cargo. Among the costs of 
marketing not shown in Table 63 are dealers' gross profits, including 
interest on money invested. 

Table 63. — Approximate cost for marketing wheat and barley from country shipping 
points in the Pacific coast region to England for the year ending June, 1910. o- 

[Cents per bushel.] 



Item. 



Wheat from 
Oregon, Wash- 
ington, and 
Idaho. 



Low. High 



I5arley from 
California. 



Low. High. 



Commission for buying from farmer b 

Railroad freight charge 

Fire insurance (if for 60 days) 

Weighing 

Warehouse charges 

Marine insurance (L375 to 4.5 per cent; wheat price assumed at 95, bar- 
ley at 70 cents per bushel) 

Ocean freight 

Brokerage for selling in England (0.5 per cent; wheat price assumed at 
$1.10, barley at 86 cents per bushel) 



Cents. 

0.125 

2.000 

.125 



Cents. 

1. 000 

15. 000 

.200 



1.500 



1.306 
13. 000 



.550 



1.500 



4.275 
18. 000 



.550 



Cents. 

0.480 

2.000 

.035 

.600 

1.200 

.962 
9.000 

.430 



Total of items specified. 



Cents. 

0.600 

12.000 

.045 

.600 

1.200 

3.15 
16.000 

.430 



14. 707 i 34. 025 



aRailroad freight rates from ofticial tariffs; ocean freight rates from Daily Commercial News (San Fran- 
cisco); other data from reports made by marine insurance agents and grain dealers. 

b In the case of wheat this item applies to a small part of the trade only. It is reported that in Oregon, 
Washington, and Idaho most purcliases of wheat from farmers are made by agents who are paid salaries 
and not commissions. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 85 

METHODS OF MARKETING. 
GRAIN. 

THE EXPORT TRADE. 

Grain sent to Europe from the Pacific coast is regularh' shipped 
in full cargoes. A single consignment of wheat may contain 100,000 
or more bushels and may be worth at the port of shipment from 
$75,000 to $100,000 or more. Grahi bought and shipped in October 
may not reach its destination until late in February or some time in 
March. Meanwhile, market conditions may have changed so that 
the exporter or importer may meet with a loss. These difficulties 
have probably contributed to the concentration of a large part of 
the grain-export trade of the Pacific coast in the hands of a few strong 
firms. These exporters are more or less closely connected with grain 
dealers located in European markets, and who represent there the 
men who export from the United States; this relation is in some 
cases revei-sed — some Pacific coast exporters are representatives of 
European firms. 

The European representative of the Pacific coast exporter may 
sell a given lot of wheat before the exporter buys it for shipment or 
the exporter may buy it first and look for a purchaser afterwards. In 
either case, it is said, both transactions are usually made within a 
short time of each other, and the exporter runs less risk of a fall in 
price than if he held his wheat a longer time before sellmg it. If he 
did not sell the wheat until it reached Ein-ope, he would have to wait 
at least four or five months before he could close the transaction on 
each cargo. 

The Pacific coast exporter, unlike the grain exporters east of the 
Rocky Mountams, frequently if not usually buys grain direct from 
farmers. He then manages the shipment to the seaboard and attends 
to the details of chartering a ship and loading the cargo; in these 
matters his work is similar to that of exporters at such eastern points 
as Duluth, Chicago, New York, and Baltimore. The exporter pays 
the marine insurance and, after the consignment is delivered at its 
destination, the ocean freight. However, prices quoted in England 
for cargoes of Pacific coast wheat "to arrive," regidarly include 
ocean freight and marine insurance, so the exporter, in drawing upon 
the European buyer to obtain pa3Tiient for the cargo, must deduct 
in his draft the amount to be paid for ocean freight. The deduction 
made from the gross invoice value, as illustrated in the sample docu- 
ment on page 89, was £3,937 10s., leaving the net amount due from 
the English buyer as £22,942 10s. This latter sum was named in 
the sample draft made upon the importer by the exporter, shown on 
page 90. 



86 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 

In sales made according to the "Oregon and Washington wheat 
contract" of the London Corn Trade Association it is stipulated that 
the grain bought should "average at the time of shipment about 
equal to the official standard of the Portland (Oreg.) Chamber of 
Commerce" of the crop. 

After the buyer examines the wheat on its arrival in England, if 
he is not satisfied with the trade, he may appoint an arbitrator and 
call upon the seller to appoint another, the two having power to choose 
a third. The board thus chosen decides the matter in controversy. 
Either party may, and frequently does, exercise his right of appeal 
to the arbitration committee of the London Corn Trade Association. 

Shipments to Europe are frequently made to a port of call. Sail 
vessels are often chartered to go to Falmouth, Queenstown, or 
Plymouth, in the British Isles, where orders will be given as to final 
destination. For steamships the port of call is usually St. A^incent, 
in the Cape Verde Islands, or Gibraltar. 

Of the occasional disasters in the export grain trade over these 
long routes, three will serve as examples. The British sailing 
ship Matterhorn left Portland on November 26, 1909, and five days 
later foundered ofi' the mouth of Columbia River, causing the 
loss of the ship and 61,700 centals of barley. In the same season 
the German steamer Utgard left Portland with a cargo of 1.32,496 
centals of wheat consigned to St. Vincent for orders. On December 
16 the vessel was broken in two in the Strait of Magellan and was lost 
with its cargo. The British ship Cromyton sailed from Tacoma in the 
summer of 1910 and reached the Irish coast in safety, but was lost 
within a few days' sail of its intended destination. 

UNITS OP WEIGHT. 

In CaUfornia wheat and barley are quoted locally by the 100 pounds, 
while in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho wheat is sold by the bushel 
of 60 pounds and barley often by the cental or by the short ton 
(2,000 pounds). Freight rates on railroads and river boats in these 
four States are based on the short ton, and so are charges made by 
steamships in the coastwise and the trans-Pacific trade, but rates to 
Europe are quoted by the long ton (2,240 pounds). The price of 
Pacific coast wheat sold "to arrive," as quoted in England, is based 
on the quarter of 500 pounds gross weight, including sacks, and the 
price of barley on quarters of 448 pounds gross. 

Wheat from Chile also, when sold subject to contracts of the London 
Corn Trade Association, is quoted by the quarter of 500 pounds, gross 
weight. In the trade with Australia, Argentina, and the Atlantic 
coast of the United States the quarter of wheat is taken as 480 
pounds, while the quarter of British Indian wheat is reckoned at 492 
pounds net weight. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 87 

COOPERATIVE MARKETING BY FARMERS. 

In 1874 the members of the State Grange of California undertook 
to export their own grain. About 20 vessels were loaded, by the 
farmers, but the firm which acted as their agent failed and the 
farmers are said to have lost heavily. Two years later, in 1876, two 
or more ships were dispatched with grain to Europe by the Grangers' 
Business Association of Calif ornia.« In 1881 the Wlieat Growers' 
Association of California held a series of meetings in Grangers Hall, 
Sacramento. The association was organized about this time for the 
purpose of collectmg statistics relating to crops,, stocks of grain, 
prices, freight rates, and shipping, as well as other matters of impor- 
tance to the members, but apparently no attempt was made by the 
organization to make sales.^ 

Twenty years later a freight blockade caused by a strike prevented 
wheat from being moved to the seaboard and exported. Much of it 
was piled along river banks awaiting transportation to Port Costa 
and other seaports. The wheat not being in warehouses, the farmers 
were unable to secure warehouse certificates for use in obtainino- 
loans. To relieve these conditions a meeting at Sacramento w^as 
called by the Sacramento Valley Development Association and the 
San Joaquin Valley Commercial and Development Association, and 
was attended by about 200 wheat growers from a dozen or more 
counties. The Grain Growei-s' Association of California was thus 
organized; it investigated the conditions of transportation and 
marketing, and claimed to have caused better prices to be paid the 
farmers.'' 

In Oregon, Washington, and Idaho about 200 farmers' cooperative 
grain warehouses were reported in operation in 1910, some of which 
had been established about two years. Each warehouse was operated 
by a separate local organization, but sales were made through a large 
union which included members in a number of States. This union 
had one agent in Seattle who sold to exporters, but most of its trans- 
actions were made with mills in the United States or with dealers who 
supplied these mills. 

COMMERCIAL PAPERS. 

The following set of commercial papers was kindly furnished by a 
prominent exporter of the Pacific coast. In addition to these papers 
there may be a negotiable warehouse certificate, a fire insurance 
poHcy on the wheat before it is exported, a marine insurance policy, 
a charter party, and possibly others. The charter party contains 
the agreement between the masters or owners of the vessel and the 

a E. F. Carr's The Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific. 

b Alta California, September and October, 1881. 

c Sacramento Record-Union, September, 1901, and August, 1902. 



88 MARKETING GEAlN AND LIVE STOCK 

person who liires it. The usual form used for grain shipped from 
Portland begins somewhat as follows: 

Portland, Oreg., September 12, 1910. 
This charter party, this day made and concluded upon between Henry Brown, 
master and agent, for owners of the ship or vessel called the Portland of the measure- 
ment of 1,518 tons register, or thereabouts, now lying at the port of Seattle, of the first 
part, and John Doe, of the second part, etc. 

Then follow 19 sections of the contract, below which the contract- 
ing parties and their witnesses sign their names. The first section 
requires the grain to be in sacks and makes specifications as to the 
condition of the vessel; the rate is also named in this section. Sec- 
tion 9 fixes the dates within which the contract is to be executed, 
and other sections provide a penalty against the vessel in case of 
delay in arriving, and against the charterer for delay in loading. 

Credit Statement. 

Tacoma, July SO, 1909. 
Mr. John Jones, Pullman, Wash., in account with John Doe, Tacoma, Wash. 
Contract No. 101, dated June 1, 1909. 111,500 bushels, at 95^. 

51,000 sacks No. 1 Club, weighing 6,690,000 lbs. ; net, say 111,500 bushels, 

at 95(i $105, 925. 00 

Deductions as per statement, 7,000 bu., at 3^ 210. 00 



105, 715. 00 
Mem.: Freight as per bills herewith, $10,597.00. 



Account with Farmer. 

John Jones, Pullman, Wash., in account with John Doe, Tacoma, Wash. 

To sundry drafts paid $85, 000. 00 

To freight from Pullman on 100 cars containing 51,000 sacks 

wheat weighing 6,728,250 lbs., at 15^^ 10, 597. 00 

To State inspection fees on 100 cars 75. 00 

To discount on 7,000 bushels smutty wheat at 3(i 210. 00 

To check to balance 10, 043. 00 

By 51,000 sacks No. 1 Club wheat weighing. . 6, 728, 250 lbs. 
Less tare, | lb. per sack 38, 250 lbs. 

6, 690, 000 lbs. 
Say 111,500 bushels, at 95^ $105,925.00 

105, 925. 00 105, 925. 00 
E. and O. E. 

Tacoma, July .JO, 1909. 

Note. — The farmer generally pays warehouse charges at shipping station of 50 cents per ton and some 
exchange on drafts. " E. and O. E."=errors and omissions excepted. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 



89 



Invoice. 
(John Doe. Shipping, commission, and warehousing.) 

Invoice of a cargo of fair average quality White Walla wheat shipped per British ship 
Arethusa by order and for account and risk of Messrs. Brown, Smith and Co., Liverpool, 
England. 

£. s. d. 

51,000 sacks, f. a. q., "^Tiite Walla wheat, weighing 6,720,000 pounds, 

gross, say 13,440 quarters (of 500 pounds each), at 40 s 26, 880 

Less freight on 3,000 tons, at 26s. 3d 3^ 937 10 



E. and O. E. 
Tacoma, July 30, 1909. 



22. 942 10 



Bill of Lading. 



John Doe, San Francisco, Cal.; Port- 
land, Oreg.; Tacoma, Wash. 

Richard Roe, Liverpool. 



Marks. 


Sacks. 


Contents. 


Pounds. 


JJ 


51, 000 


Wheat 


6,720,000 



Shipped, in good order and condition, 
by John Doe, of Tacoma, Wash., in and 
upon the British ship called the Arethusa, 
whereof Nelson is master for this present 
voyage, and now lying in this port, and 
bound for Queenstown, Falmouth, or 
Plymouth for orders to discharge at a safe 
port in the United Kingdom or on the 
Continent between Havre and Hamburg, 
both ports inclusive, fifty-one thousand 
sacks wheat, being marked and numbered 
as per margin, and which are to be deliv- 
ered in the like good order and condition 
at the port of discharge as above (subject 
to the London Conference Rules of Af- 
freightment, 1893, as endorsed hereon) 
unto order, or to his assigns, freight for the 
said goods payable in cash without dis- 
count at the rate of (26/3) twenty-six 
shillings and three pence sterling per ton 
of 2,240 lbs. gross weight delivered, if 
discharged in the United Kingdom, or at 
Havre, or at Antwerp, or at Dunkirk, or 
at Hamburg; two shillings and six pence 
(2/6) sterling per like ton extra, if dis- 
charged on the Continent, as above, other 
than Havre, or Antwerp, or Dunkirk, or 
Hamburg, with average accustomed and 
all other conditions as per charter party. 

In witness whereof the master or purser 
of the said ship or vessel hath affirmed to 
two bills of lading, all of this tenor and 
date, one of the said bills being accom- 
plished, the other to stand void. 

Dated in Tacoma, Wash., this 30th day 
of July, 1909. 

Weight and contents unknown to 
(Signed) H. Nelson, 

Master. 



90 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 

Draft. 
£22,942 10s Od. Tacoma, SOth July, 1909. 

Sixty days after sight of this First of Exchange (second and third unpaid) pay to 
the order of The Bank of California twenty-two thousand nine hundred and forty-two 
pounds, ten shillings; value received, and charge the same as advised. 

(Signed) John Doe. 

To Messrs. Brown, Smith and Co., Liverpool. 
Payable in London. 



Profit and Loss Account ov a Cargo of Wheat Shipped at Tacoma per Arethusa 

TO United Kingdom. 

To cost of 111,500 bushels No. 1 Club wheat, at 95^ |105, 925. 00 

Less discount on 7,000 bushels smutty, at 3^ 210. 00 

105, 715. 00 

Buying agent's commission, \<^ per bu 139. 25 

Wharfage, 3,360 tons, at 50(i 1, 680. 00 

Cleaning 210 tons smutty, at 50(f 105. 00 

Fire insurance, 60 days on $100,000, at 51^ 510. 00 

Marine insurance, £23,400, at $4.86=$113,724 at 1J% . . 1, 990. 00 

Selling brokerage, £26,880=1130,636.80 at i% 653. 18 

Balance of profit 708. 12 

By proceeds, draft on London at 60 days, £22,942 10s. Od., 
at $4.86 $111, 500. 55 

111, 500. 55 111, 500. 55 
E. and O. E. 

Tacoma, July 30, 1909. 

Note — 

Gross weight wheat bought pounds. . 6, 728,250 

Gross weight wheat shipped pounds. . 6, 720, 000 

Loss in cleaning 210 tons pounds. . 8, 250 



handling grain in sacks. 



Grain exported from the Pacific coast is regularly carried in sacks. 
It is not considered safe to load a vessel with bulk grain for this long 
voyage; the cargo might shift and endanger its own safety and that 
of the ship. Hence one condition of a marine insurance policy and of 
a charter party is that grain cargoes shall be in sacks. This require- 
ment makes it hard to change the custom of handling the grain crop 
of the Pacific coast region in sacks from the farm to foreign or domestic 
mills. 

There are some advantages of this method over handhng grain in 
bulk, one of which is that a single lot of grain may easily be kept 
separate and identified by the marks on the sacks. However, when 
the grain reaches the warehouse at the seaport it is frequently emptied 
from the sacks, run through an elevator for the purpose of cleaning 
or mixing, and is sacked again for shipment. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 91 

The grain warehouses require relatively httle machinery, compared 
with elevators, since the sacks may be handled easily by hand trucks. 
It has been found convenient, however, to make use of conveyors, 
operated by steam or electricity, for the purpose of stacking the sacks 
in warehouses and loading them on shipboard. 

In loading on sliips it is common to use conveyors to carry the 
sacks to the top of a shde, whence they are allowed to move by gravity 
into the hold of the vessel. Wheat makes a cargo of sufficient weight 
to ballast a ship safely, but a full cargo of barley is rather light 
unless stowed in a careful manner. The loss of the Matterhorm 
(p. 86), with its full cargo of barley, occasioned an inquiry on the 
part of one or more insurance companies as to safer methods of 
carrying tliis grain; and one expert advised that the sacks be ''bled;" 
that is, be caused to leak enough grain to fill in the interstices among 
the sacks, and thus make a cargo of greater weight per cubic unit 
than ordinary sacked barley. 

ATTEMPTS TO USE ELEVATORS. 

Occasionally a car of bulk grain is received at a terminal ware- 
house. The agent of an exporting firm tells of a bulk consignment 
received at one of its terminal warehouses, and which was unloaded 
from the car by means of shovels and wheelbarrows. 

Some attempts have been made in the Pacific coast region to estab- 
lish elevator systems and handle grain in bulk. About 20 or 25 
years ago a number of elevators for handhng bulk grain are said to 
have been erected at various railroad stations in Oregon and Wash- 
ington, and a terminal elevator at Portland. The grain was received 
in sacks from the farmers, as they were not prepared to haul in bulk; 
it was emptied at the elevator, hauled in bulk to the seacoast and 
sacked again when exported. Tliis practice did not continue many 
seasons. Some of the elevators were cUsmantled, their macliinery 
being removed to give more room for storing the grain in sacks. The 
terminal elevator at Portland burned and was never rebuilt. 

In 1910 there were elevators at Tacoma and Seattle, so that bulk 
grain could, if desired, be transferred from cars into ships, and a 
project was reported for the estabhshment of a line of elevators for 
the coastwise trade, some houses being erected at northern ports for 
handhng shipments and at southern California ports for handhng 
receipts. 

LIVE STOCK. 

CATTLE AND SHEEP IN EARLY DAYS. 

The cattle industry was a main support of California for at least a 
half century prior to 1848. Before the discovery of gold an occa- 
sional sliip would enter San Francisco Bay and receive a consign- 



92 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 

nient of hides. When once the crowds began to enter the State in 
the early fifties, however, there were not enough cattle for home 
consumption and supphes were brought from Texas and even Mis- 
souri. It is reported that 60,000 head were driven into California 
from the East in 1854. The chive from the JVIissouri River usually- 
occupied several months. A quick trip, as recorded by the Sacramento 
Union, was made in 1854 by a party of 20 men who brought 400 
head of cattle to California from Missouri. They left the JVIissouri 
State line on May 1 and reached Sacramento on August 22. 

Sheep also were driven to California from regions east of the Sierra 
Nevada Mountains. Some were brought from New Mexico to south- 
ern California to stock the ranches and some came from Mexico. As 
early as 1852 it was reported by the San Joaquin Republican "that 
most sheep we have hitherto killed" came from Sonora, N. Mex. 
An item in the Placerville Herald in 1853 describes the route foUowed 
by a party of men who brought 1,800 sheep from New Mexico to 
ranches near Carson River. The party left Taos, N. Mex., January 
29, 1853; on March 16 they reached Fort Laramie, on Platte River; 
thence they took the sheep over South Pass, encountering snow as 
they went through the mountains. At Green River the first green 
pasturage was found. The sheep were taken along Green River, 
thence along the Humboldt and to the Sink. For the last 150 miles 
on the way to the Sink the sheep lived on wild sage and other plants. 
Only 50 were lost on the entire trip. 

SALES ON FARM OR RANGE. 

The most usual method of buying live stock on the Pacific coast 
is direct from the stock grower. Frequently the buyer drives liis 
animals from the farm or range to the sliipping point, but at times 
the seller may make this delivery. 

One of the principal meat packers in San Diego, Cal., in 1910 
had representatives as far away as Arizona, where purchases were 
made directly from the stock raisers during about one-half of the 
year; during the rest of the time a supply came from regions witliin 
about 50 miles of San Diego, being driven in on foot. Colorado and 
Texas also contributed to his supply. For shipments from Phoenix 
to San Diego the stock are usually stopped twice for rest, water, 
and feed. If shipped over the Southern Pacific line the animals 
may be fed at Yuma, Ariz., and again at Colton, Cal.; if over the 
Sante Fe Railway they may be fed at Ashfork, Ariz., or Needles, Cal., 
and again at Barstow, Cal., or Los Angeles. 

A large number of the California cattle are fattened on grass, 
but some are finished on by-products of the beet-sugar factories. 
One feeding company is said to bring cattle from its ranch in Utah 
to be fattened in western California on beet pulp. 



IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION, 93 

One of the important cattle regions of California is the San Joaquin 
Valley, wliich contributes to the beef supply of Los Angeles, San 
Francisco, Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, and other markets. In tliis 
valley not only native cattle but feeders, brought from a distance, 
are prepared for market. During the year entUng October 31, 1909, 
accorcUng to the records of the county clerk, 25,000 beef cattle 
were shipped out of Kern County, which forms part of tliis valley. 

Some of the Cahfornia stock raisers and meat packers board their 
cattle on ranches, paying the ranchers to feed them. Cattle are 
often pastured in valleys in the mnter, and, when the grass dries 
out in late spring, are driven to the mountain pastures, from wliich 
snow has but recently melted. In 1910 the movement to the 
mountains was taking place about the last of May. They may be 
taken from the mountains for slaughter, or, after another winter 
in the valleys, they may be returned to the mountains for more 
pasturage in the spring. 

STOCKYARDS. 

Of the few public live-stock markets on the Pacific coast one is at 
San Francisco and another at Portland. The Portland market is 
at Union Stockyards, wliich were opened in September, 1909. They 
are located on a slough of the Columbia River near the mouth of the 
Willamette and a few miles from the business section of Portland. 
Stock is received and shipped by water as well as by rail. In June, 
1910, the finished yards covered about 20 acres and accommodated 
about 200 carloads of animals. There was a considerable area adjoin- 
ing the yards for which the stockyards company was said to have an 
option to purchase. The unloachng })latforni was built of concrete 
and extended along the front of about 24 receiving pens. 

A considerable number of sales and purchases are reported to be 
made here through commission men, although stock growers and 
packers may deal direct with each other. The market here begins 
about 8 a. m. and is over about 4 p. m. 

In adtUtion to serving as a market place the Portland stockyards 
are used as a feeding station for animals on the way from CaHfomia 
to Washington. 

Stock is often transferred from these yards to the city proper by 
barges towed by gasoHne launches. A barge may hold two or three 
carloads of animals. 

Beginning with the latter part of June, 1910, two hve-stock trains 
were to be run to the Portland stockyards — one train from Hunting- 
ton, Oreg., a distance of about 400 miles, the other from Cahfornia. 
The train from Huntington was to leave that point Saturday and 
Tuesday of each week at 8 p. m., and was due to reach the stock- 
yards at 2.30 ]). lu. on the following day. 



94 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK 



TRAILIKG. 



The extension of railroads in the Pacific coast region is gradually 
reducing the length of the hve-stock trails. Where railroad trans- 
portation is available it regularly takes the place of trailing. 

The exact course followed in trailing stock depends to some extent 
on the pastures and watering places, and also on the location of 
cultivated and inclosed lands. 

Among the railroad points to which animals are reported to be 
driven from the ranges of central and southern Oregon are: To the 
west, Ontario and Huntington; to the north, La Grande, Pendleton, 
Pilot Rock, Heppner, and Shaniko; to the southeast, Klamath Falls, 
all of which are in Oregon; and some trails leacUng to the southwest 
reach the railroad at Alturas, Cal. Stock brought to shipping points 
from central Oregon may be driven as far as 100 to 200 miles. 

One route followed in bringing cattle from central Oregon to the 
packing house at Walla Walla was given as follows by a man who 
rode the trail : Starting from Seneca, in Grant County, the route led 
nearly due north, past the post offices of Beach Creek and Long 
Creek, to a crossing of the middle fork of the John Day River; then 
proceeding past Range to the north fork of the John Day River at 
Dale, on the southern border of Umatilla County; thence past 
Ukiah, Pilot Rock, and Pendleton, to the Oregon State hne. Thence 
the course was over the Blue Mountains to Walla Walla. The entire 
distance was about 200 miles. 

Sheep are reported to be trailed sometimes from Arizona, southern 
Nevada, and Utah into the summer ranges of Idaho; and in the fall 
they are brought into central California, beginning to arrive in the 
Sacramento Valley about the last of September. 

In Alaska, cattle and sheep shipped from southern ports are 
often driven as far as 400 miles from the seacoast to an interior point 
before they are slaughtered. 



LOADING CATTLE ON SHIPBOARD. 



Some methods used in loading cattle on shipboard were illustrated 
by a consignment loaded at Seattle in June, 1910, and destined for 
Alaska. The vessel, a coasting steamer 182 feet long and 36 feet 
wide, had the upper part of the hold divided into pens, each large 
enough for 10 or 12 cattle. The animals were brought in railroad 
cars to the pier, and a temporary runway was made from the car 
door across the pier and down tlu-ough the forward hatchway of the 
steamer; the sides of the runway were liigh enough to keep the 
animals from looking over it and becoming frightened at any unusual 
sight. There were eight carloads, each consisting of about 20 cattle, 
and usually it required about five minutes to transfer one carload 
from the train to the pens in the steamer. 

o 



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LB '12 




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